Table 2.
Changes in plasma hormone concentrations after 24-h dietary interventions.
| Diet | Pre-diet | Post-diet | Absolute Change | Percent Change | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24-h fasting | |||||
| Total GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 10.1±4.9 (0.9,26.7) | 12.8±6.8 (1.7,36.6) | 2.7±6.0 (–11.4,29.4) | 26.5% (12.0%, 41.0%) | p<0.001 |
| Total PYY (pg/mL) | 36.0±17.1 (7.7,107.5) | 25.4±17.7 (2.3,95.5) | −10.7±14.1 (−35.8,25.5) | −29.6% (−39.7%, −19.5%) | p<0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 7.6±3.2 (3.3,17.3) | 3.8±2.1 (0.1,10.0) | −3.8±3.0 (−10.9,0.3) | −50.4% (−64.1%, −36.7%) | p<0.001 |
| 24-h High Carbohydrate Overfeeding | |||||
| Total GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 9.7±4.9 (2.1,24.7) | 8.8±4.2 (1.1,22.7) | −1.0±3.5 (−11.7,6.8) | −9.9% (−19.0%, −0.8%) | p=0.03 |
| Total PYY (pg/mL) | 32.1±15.2 (7.7,78.4) | 38.6±21.6 (10.5,145.5) | 6.5±16.4 (−29.5,67.1) | 20.3% (7.2%, 33.3%) | p=0.003 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 7.0±2.3 (3.9,11.7) | 10.3±5.4 (5.0,26.3) | 3.3±4.4 (−1.9,16.8) | 46.7% (24.8%, 68.5%) | p<0.001 |
| 24-h High Fat Overfeeding | |||||
| Total GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 9.8±7.2 (1.6,44.5) | 11.0±6.1 (2.2,31.4) | 1.2±4.6 (–13.7,16.6) | 12.1% (0.2%, 24.1%) | p=0.04 |
| Total PYY (pg/mL) | 32.3±13.0 (12.2,73.7) | 38.8±19.8 (10.7,88.5) | 6.4±13.8 (−20.6,41.4) | 19.9% (8.8%, 31.1%) | p=0.007 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 8.4±3.6 (3.7,16.2) | 8.4±3.5 (3.6,17.0) | −0.03±3.6 (−8.4,8.0) | −0.4% (−16.1%, 15.2%) | p=0.95 |
| 24-h Standard Overfeeding | |||||
| Total GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 9.1±3.9 (1.3,18.8) | 9.7±5.7 (1.0,37.2) | 0.7±4.2 (–5.3,22.5) | 7.3% (−5.1%, 19.6%) | p=0.24 |
| Total PYY (pg/mL) | 31.9±15.0 (2.9,71.8) | 35.8±17.3 (5.3,76.7) | 3.9±13.5 (−26.3,59.0) | 12.3% (1.3%, 23.4%) | p=0.29 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 7.7±3.5 (3.3,18.7) | 11.0±5.5 (4.2,26.4) | 3.3±3.3 (−2.7,10.2) | 42.6% (26.2%, 59.1%) | p<0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD (minimum, maximum), except for percentage changes that are reported as mean with 95% CI. Significant changes (p<0.05) by Student’s paired t-test are reported in bold.