Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics stratified by waterpipe tobacco smoking status and intervention assignmenta
| Susceptible Never Smokers |
Current Waterpipe Tobacco Smokers |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample N=301 |
Intervention N=149 |
Control N=152 |
p- value |
Full sample N=529 |
Intervention N=267 |
Control N=262 |
p- value |
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| Gender, N (%) | 0.71 | 0.37 | ||||||
| Female | 183 (60.8) | 89 (59.7) | 94 (61.8) | 323 (61.1) | 158 (59.2) | 165 (63.0) | ||
| Male | 118 (39.2) | 60 (40.3) | 58 (38.2) | 206 (38.9) | 109 (40.8) | 97 (37.0) | ||
| Age, N (%) | 0.85 | 0.33 | ||||||
| 18-24 | 141 (46.8) | 69 (46.3) | 72 (47.4) | 199 (37.6) | 95 (35.6) | 104 (39.7) | ||
| 25-30 | 160 (53.2) | 80 (53.7) | 80 (52.6) | 330 (62.4) | 172 (64.4) | 158 (60.3) | ||
| Race and ethnicity, N (%) | 0.80 | 0.31 | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 112 (37.2) | 55 (36.9) | 57 (37.5) | 141 (26.7) | 80 (30.0) | 61 (23.3) | ||
| Black non-Hispanic | 65 (21.6) | 30 (20.1) | 35 (23.0) | 162 (30.6) | 80 (30.0) | 82 (31.3) | ||
| Other/Multiple non-Hispanic | 66 (21.9) | 36 (24.2) | 30 (19.7) | 83 (15.7) | 37 (13.9) | 46 (17.6) | ||
| Hispanic | 58 (19.3) | 28 (18.8) | 30 (19.7) | 143 (27.0) | 70 (26.2) | 73 (27.9) | ||
| Education, N (%) | 0.18 | 0.38 | ||||||
| No college | 64 (21.3) | 30 (20.1) | 34 (22.4) | 171 (32.3) | 89 (33.3) | 82 (31.3) | ||
| Some college | 141 (46.8) | 64 (43.0) | 77 (50.7) | 233 (44.1) | 110 (41.2) | 123 (47.0) | ||
| Bachelors’ degree or higher | 96 (31.9) | 55 (36.9) | 41 (27.0) | 125 (23.6) | 68 (25.5) | 57 (21.8) | ||
| Household income, N (%) | 0.27 | 0.24 | ||||||
| <$50,000 | 177 (58.8) | 93 (62.4) | 84 (55.3) | 339 (64.1) | 167 (62.6) | 172 (65.7) | ||
| $50,000 to $99,999 | 79 (26.3) | 33 (22.2) | 46 (30.3) | 138 (26.1) | 68 (25.5) | 70 (26.7) | ||
| ≥$100,000 | 45 (15.0) | 23 (15.4) | 22 (14.5) | 52 (9.8) | 32 (12.0) | 20 (7.6) | ||
| Alcohol use in past 30 days, N (%) | 0.73 | 0.50 | ||||||
| Yes | 202 (68.2) | 101 (69.2) | 101 (67.3) | 432 (82.9) | 216 (81.8) | 216 (84.1) | ||
| No | 94 (31.8) | 45 (30.8) | 49 (32.7) | 89 (17.1) | 48 (18.2) | 41 (16.0) | ||
| Marijuana use in past 30 days, N (%) | 0.11 | 0.39 | ||||||
| Yes | 52 (39.4) | 18 (31.6) | 34 (45.3) | 285 (73.1) | 147 (75.0) | 138 (71.1) | ||
| No | 80 (60.6) | 39 (68.4) | 41 (54.7) | 105 (26.9) | 49 (25.0) | 56 (28.9) | ||
| Current use of other tobacco, N (%) | 0.84 | 0.97 | ||||||
| Yes | 79 (26.5) | 40 (27.0) | 39 (26.0) | 326 (62.2) | 164 (62.1) | 162 (62.3) | ||
| No | 219 (73.5) | 108 (73.0) | 111 (74.0) | 198 (37.8) | 100 (37.9) | 98 (37.7) | ||
| Perceived harm of WTS relative to cigarettes, M (SD)b | 2.90 (0.85) | 2.83 (0.80) | 2.97 (0.89) | 0.17 | 2.85 (1.11) | 2.83 (1.11) | 2.86 (1.10) | 0.80 |
| Perceived likelihood of harm from WTS, M (SD)c | 4.50 (1.26) | 4.43 (1.16) | 4.57 (1.35) | 0.33 | 4.07 (1.58) | 3.96 (1.68) | 4.18 (1.47) | 0.11 |
| Worry about harm from WTS, M (SD)d | 4.57 (1.77) | 4.53 (1.73) | 4.60 (1.81) | 0.73 | 3.95 (2.08) | 3.83 (2.12) | 4.07 (2.04) | 0.19 |
| Perceived addictiveness of WTS relative to cigarettes, M (SD)b | 2.81 (0.82) | 2.86 (0.80) | 2.76 (0.84) | 0.28 | 2.60 (1.11) | 2.56 (1.13) | 2.65 (1.09) | 0.38 |
| Perceived likelihood of addiction to WTS, M (SD)c | 4.08 (1.47) | 4.03 (1.45) | 4.14 (1.49) | 0.51 | 3.55 (1.79) | 3.60 (1.77) | 3.50 (1.80) | 0.54 |
| Worry about addiction to WTS, M (SD)d | 3.98 (1.91) | 4.00 (1.85) | 3.97 (1.97) | 0.88 | 3.34 (2.11) | 3.28 (2.15) | 3.39 (2.07) | 0.57 |
| Curiosity about WTS, M (SD)d | 2.75 (1.68) | 2.77 (1.67) | 2.74 (1.69) | 0.87 | - | - | - | - |
| Motivation to quit WTS, M (SD)d | - | - | - | - | 4.33 (2.31) | 4.37 (2.33) | 4.29 (2.30) | 0.67 |
| WTS dependence, M (SD)e | - | - | - | - | 2.69 (2.11) | 2.81 (2.07) | 2.57 (2.14) | 0.20 |
| Past 30-day WTS frequency, M(SD) | - | - | - | - | 4.02 (5.57) | 4.08 (5.92) | 3.96 (5.2) | 0.81 |
Note: Percentages might not sum to 100 due to rounding. Participant counts might not sum to the total sample size due to missing data.
Abbreviations: WTS = Waterpipe tobacco smoking, M=Mean, SD=Standard deviation
a
Data were collected online in 2020.
b
Response options: 1=Much less to 5=Much more
c
Response options: 1=No chance to 7=Certain to happen
d
Response options: 1=Not at all to 7=Very
e
Sum scores ranged from 0 to 6.