Table 1:
Patient characteristics in the unmatched cohort stratified by HIV status
| Patient characteristic | All patients (N=299) |
HIV-uninfected (N=142) |
Patients living with HIV (N=157) |
p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Female sex, n (%) | 177/299 (59.2) | 85/142 (59.9) | 92/157 (58.6) | 0.917 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 35 (12.2) | 34 (14.1) | 36 (10.2) | 0.099 |
| Presenting symptoms | ||||
| Duration of illness prior to hospitalization, days, median [IQR]b | 4 [3, 7] | 3 [2, 6] | 5 [3, 7] | <0.001 |
| Night sweats, n (%) | 234/299 (78.3) | 105/142 (73.9) | 129/157 (82.2) | 0.114 |
| Headache, n (%) | 236/299 (78.9) | 121/142 (85.2) | 115/157 (73.2) | 0.017 |
| Cough, n (%) | 187/299 (62.5) | 71/142 (50.0) | 116/157 (73.9) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 101/299 (33.8) | 35/142 (24.6) | 66/157 (42.0) | 0.002 |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 67/299 (22.4) | 25/142 (17.6) | 42/157 (26.8) | 0.079 |
| Dysuria, n (%) | 40/299 (13.4) | 22/142 (15.5) | 18/157 (11.5) | 0.394 |
| Pre-hospital management | ||||
| Received antimalarial or antibacterial agent prior to hospitalization, n (%) | 107/299 (35.8) | 57/142 (40.1) | 50/157 (31.8) | 0.170 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature ≥38°C, n (%) | 107/299 (35.8) | 49/142 (34.5) | 58/157 (36.9) | 0.751 |
| Temperature <36°C, n (%) | 86/299 (28.8) | 43/142 (30.3) | 43/157 (27.4) | 0.672 |
| Heart rate, beats/min, median [IQR] | 98 [87, 109] | 96 [84, 103] | 101 [90, 114] | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min, median [IQR] | 22 [21, 26] | 22 [20, 24] | 23 [22, 26] | 0.010 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR] | 103 [91, 117] | 107 [99, 123] | 98 [88, 110] | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation, %, median [IQR] | 97 [95, 98] | 97 [96, 98] | 97 [95, 98] | 0.898 |
| Encephalopathy, n (%)c | 58/299 (19.4) | 22/142 (15.5) | 36/157 (22.9) | 0.140 |
| Illness severity scores | ||||
| qSOFA score, median, IQR | 1 [1-2] | 1 [1-2 | 2 [1-2] | <0.001 |
| qSOFA score ≥2, n (%)d | 134/299 (44.8) | 41/142 (28.9) | 93/157 (59.2) | <0.001 |
| qSOFA score ≥1, n (%)d | 260/299 (87.0) | 119/142 (83.8) | 141/157 (89.8) | 0.171 |
| Modified SIRS score ≥2, n (%)e | 256/299 (85.6) | 117/142 (82.4) | 139/157 (88.5) | 0.178 |
| MEWS, median [IQR] | 3 [2, 5] | 3 [2, 3] | 4 [3, 5] | <0.001 |
| Cardiopulmonary organ dysfunctions | ||||
| Shock, n (%)f | 41/299 (13.7) | 9/142 (6.3) | 32/157 (20.4) | 0.001 |
| Acute respiratory failure, n (%)g | 64/299 (21.4) | 25/142 (17.6) | 39/157 (24.8) | 0.167 |
| HIV-related variables | ||||
| WHO HIV clinical stage 3 or 4, n (%) | -- | -- | 126/157 (80.3) | -- |
| New diagnosis of HIV, n (%) | -- | -- | 21/157 (13.4) | -- |
| Receiving ART prior to hospitalization, n (%) | -- | -- | 92/157 (58.6) | -- |
| Receiving ART prior to hospitalization if known HIV, n (%) | -- | -- | 92/136 (67.7) | -- |
| Receiving TMP-SMX prophylaxis prior to hospitalization, n (%) | -- | -- | 96/157 (61.1) | -- |
| Receiving TMP-SMX prophylaxis prior to hospitalization if known HIV, n (%) | -- | -- | 96/136 (70.6) | -- |
| Pathogen diagnostics | ||||
| Malaria RDT positive, n (%) | 61/294 (20.7) | 36/141 (25.5) | 25/153 (16.3) | 0.052 |
| Microbiological TB positive, n (%)h | 52/299 (17.4) | 3/142 (2.1) | 49/157 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| Urine TB-LAM positive, n (%) | -- | -- | 41/124 (33.1) | -- |
| Influenza PCR positive, n (%) | 17/270 (6.3) | 10/127 (7.9) | 7/143 (4.9) | 0.329 |
| Hematologic parameters | ||||
| White blood cell count, x109/L, median [IQR]i | 5.7 [3.7, 8.9] | 6.3 [4.8, 9.0] | 5.5 [3.1, 8.2] | 0.009 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, median [IQR]j | 10.9 [8.5, 13.5] | 12.4 [10.4, 14.8] | 10.0 [7.5, 12.0] | <0.001 |
| Inpatient management | ||||
| Received antibacterial agent during first 24h of hospitalization, n (%) | 283/299 (94.6) | 133/142 (93.7) | 150/157 (95.5) | 0.643 |
| Received antimalarial agent during first 24h of hospitalization, n (%) | 142/299 (47.5) | 93/142 (65.5) | 49/157 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| Received IV fluid during first 24h of hospitalization, n (%) | 272/299 (91.0) | 127/142 (89.4) | 145/157 (92.4) | 0.498 |
| Volume of IV fluid received, ml, median [IQR] | 1500 [1000, 2000] | 1000 [1000, 2000] | 1500 [1000, 2000] | 0.007 |
| Received red cell transfusion during hospitalization, n (%) | 25/299 (8.4) | 5/142 (3.5) | 20/157 (12.7) | 0.004 |
| Received anti-TB drugs during hospitalization, n (%) | 57/299 (19.1) | 8/142 (5.6) | 49/157 (31.2) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital and 30-day vital status | ||||
| Death in-hospital or transfer, n (%) | 42/299 (14.0) | 8/142 (5.6) | 34/157 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| Duration of hospitalization, days, median [IQR]k | 5 [3, 7] | 4 [3, 6] | 6 [4, 9] | <0.001 |
| KPS ≤70 at alive discharge, n (%) | 20/255 (7.8) | 4/133 (3.0) | 16/122 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Death at 30-days post-discharge, n (%)l | 62/270 (23.0) | 13/128 (10.2) | 49/142 (34.5) | <0.001 |
| Indeterminate 30-day vital status, n (%) | 29/299 (9.7) | 14/142 (9.9) | 15/157 (9.6) | 0.929 |
Abbrevations: SD: standard deviation, IQR: interquartile range, qSOFA: quick Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment, SIRS: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, MEWS: Modified Early Warning Score, UVA: Universal Vital Assessment, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, WHO: World Health Organization, ART: anti-retroviral therapy, TMP-SMX: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, RDT: rapid diagnostic test, TB: tuberculosis, LAM: lipoarabinomannan, PCR: polymerase chain reaction
t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi-squared, or Fisher exact test
Unknown for 1 patient
Anything other than “Alert” on AVPU (alert, responsive to voice, responsive to pain, unresponsive) mental status assessment
Systolic blood pressure ≤100mmHg, respiratory rate ≥22 breaths/min, and encephalopathy, latter defined using AVPU scale
Temperature ≥38°C or <36°C, heart rate ≥90 beats/min, respiratory rate ≥20 breaths/min
Systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg despite administration of ≥1 liter of intravenous fluid
Oxygen saturation ≤90% or respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min
Positive result by sputum Xpert Ultra or smear or urine TB-LAM
Imputed using chained equations for 129 patients
Imputed using chained equations for 125 patients
Unknown for 11 patients
Denominator excludes patients with indeterminate 30-day vital status.