Fig. 6. Comparisons of community attributes and water clarity in Lake Mille Lacs related to invasion.

Densities of two invasive invertebrates (Dreissena, 1000 * individuals m^–2, and Bythotrephes, individuals m^–3) before (2006–2010) and after (2011–2018) both populations expanded. The densities of native zooplankton (cladocerans and copepods, excluding Bythotrephes individuals L⁻¹) decreased in response to co-invasion, but total water column filtering (sum of herbivorous zooplankton and Dreissena filtering, km³ d⁻¹) did not change. As a result, there was no change in median chlorophyll a (μg L⁻¹) or median water clarity (m) despite large food web perturbations. Bars are medians of bootstrapped estimates. Error bars represent the 95% C.I., and asterisks represent significant changes (p < 0.05) to a variable.