TABLE 3.
Results of multinomial logistic regression analysis for functional limitations (the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging Survey, South Korea, 2020).
| Variable | ADL disability | IADL disability | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe, OR (95% CI) a | Moderate, OR (95% CI) a | Severe, OR (95% CI) a | Moderate, OR (95% CI) a | |
| Sex (Reference category: Male) | ||||
| Female | 1.647*** (1.444; 1.879) | 0.629** (0.579; 0.684) | 0.867* (0.783; 0.963) | 0.534*** (0.508; 0.562) |
| Age in years (Reference category: 65–74) | ||||
| 75-84 | 3.377*** (2.841; 4.016) | 1.753*** (1.589; 1.933) | 2.435*** (2.147; 2.762) | 2.112*** (1.947; 2.234) |
| 85 or older | 14.048*** (11.759; 16.782) | 6.144*** (5.551; 6.802) | 14.073*** (12.376; 16.003) | 6.643*** (6.239; 7.074) |
| Living arrangement (Reference category: with relatives) | ||||
| Living alone | 0.744** (0.661; 0.837) | 1.508** (1.389; 1.636) | 1.156* (1.051; 1.273) | 1.288* (1.224; 1.355) |
| Educational status (Reference category: College or higher) | ||||
| Elementary school or lower | 2.337*** (1.899; 2.876) | 1.783*** (1.476; 2.154) | 1.465** (1.226; 1.751) | 1.448** (1.318; 1.591) |
| Middle school | 2.536*** (1.982; 3.245) | 1.626** (1.326; 1.993) | 1.406* (1.149; 1.723) | 1.198* (1.081; 1.328) |
| High school | 2.176*** (1.725; 2.745) | 1.508** (1.236; 1.843) | 0.839 (0.694; 1.015) | 1.098 (0.995; 1.213) |
| Body mass index (Reference category: Normal) | ||||
| Underweight | 2.206*** (1.796; 2.666) | 2.360*** (1.906; 2.844) | 2.466*** (2.167; 2.806) | 1.761*** (1.410; 2.126) |
| Overweight | 0.422*** (0.366; 0.487) | 0.715* (0.554; 0.982) | 0.540*** (0.385; 0.702) | 0.940 (0.794; 1.190) |
| Obesity | 0.511*** (0.345; 0.686) | 0.858 (0.686; 1.137) | 0.547*** (0.390; 0.710) | 0.840 (0.645; 1.038) |
| Physical activity (Reference category: Yes) | ||||
| No | 9.846*** (7.898; 12.274) | 3.232*** (2.934; 3.564) | 6.096*** (5.313; 6.996) | 1.887*** (1.798; 1.981) |
| Depression status (Reference category: No) | ||||
| Yes | 5.558*** (4.903; 6.305) | 2.904*** (2.611; 3.231) | 5.039*** (4.501; 5.642) | 2.413*** (2.227; 2.616) |
| Number of chronic diseases (Reference category: 0) | ||||
| 1 | 2.648*** (2.011; 3.487) | 1.357* (1.174; 1.569) | 2.098*** (1.713; 2.569) | 1.425** (1.318; 1.542) |
| 2 | 4.165*** (3.188; 5.441) | 2.146*** (1.868; 2.464) | 4.084*** (3.367; 4.955) | 1.842*** (1.705; 1.994) |
| 3 or more | 6.775*** (5.225; 8.786) | 3.351*** (2.934; 3.827) | 6.664*** (5.521; 8.045) | 2.925*** (2.715; 3.151) |
a
The odds ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are calculated against no disability as the reference.
‘***’ p < 0.001, ‘**’ p < 0.01, ‘*’ p < 0.05, ‘’ p ≥ 0.05.
ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.