Table 1.
Clinical characteristics for the UK-ROI and FinnDiane participants by DKD cases and controls
| UK-ROI | FinnDiane | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n = 252) | Controls (n = 252) | p | Cases (n = 399) | Controls (n = 401) | p | |
| Sex, Male | 132 (52.4) | 132 (52.4) | 1.00 | 151 (37.7) | 149 (37.3) | 0.99 |
| Age, years | 42.1 (9.4) | 41.2 (9.6) | 0.30 | 43.2 (10.8) | 43.6 (11.0) | 0.62 |
| Diabetes onset age, years | 15.3 (7.3) | 15.1 (7.3) | 0.92 | 13.0 (8.1) | 14.4 (8.6) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 27.5 (7.3) | 26.2 (7.4) | 0.17 | 30.2 (9.3) | 29.2 (9.0) | 0.13 |
| Smoking status, current | 39 (25.8) | 50 (22.1) | 0.17 | 102 (25.4) | 101 (25.3) | 1.00 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.3 (2.3) | 8.2 (1.4) | 5.5 × 10−11 | 8.9 (1.6) | 8.1 (1.2) | 5.8 × 10−13 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 78 (25) | 66 (15) | 5.5 × 10−11 | 74 (18) | 65 (13) | 5.8 × 10−13 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (5.1) | 28.9 (8.0) | 0.004 | 26.7 (4.5) | 25.4 (3.3) | 5.0 × 10−6 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 19.9 (19.8) | 90.0 (20.3) | <1.0 × 10−20 | 54.0 (29.9) | 91.8 (16.9) | <1.0 × 10−20 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/mol | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.4) | 0.25 | 1.27 (0.4) | 1.39 (0.4) | 5.2 × 10−5 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/mol | 2.2 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.2) | 0.006 | 1.79 (1.2) | 1.05 (0.5) | <1.0 × 10−20 |
| CD8 T cells, proportion | 0.040 (0.042) | 0.041 (0.044) | 0.71 | 0.056 (0.047) | 0.048 (0.041) | 0.007 |
| CD4 T cells, proportion | 0.130 (0.071) | 0.139 (0.057) | 0.13 | 0.111 (0.048) | 0.101 (0.050) | 0.003 |
| Natural killer cells, proportion | 0.028 (0.039) | 0.044 (0.048) | 1.5 × 10−11 | 0.045 (0.046) | 0.029 (0.043) | 7.2 × 10−7 |
| B cells, proportion | 0.026 (0.025) | 0.037 (0.025) | 2.3 × 10−6 | 0.040 (0.027) | 0.030 (0.026) | 4.8 × 10−7 |
| Monocytes, proportion | 0.085 (0.040) | 0.079 (0.033) | 0.04 | 0.075 (0.028) | 0.079 (0.030) | 0.03 |
| Granulocytes, proportion | 0.666 (0.124) | 0.625 (0.100) | 2.0 × 10−4 | 0.631 (0.091) | 0.674 (0.087) | 2.8 × 10−7 |
Continuous variables are reported as mean (standard deviation), and categorical variables are reported as number (%). The p-values for continuous variables are from a two-sided t-tests and for categorical variables from chi-squared tests (one-sided). Proportions refer to the proportion in white blood cells.
AER Albumin excretion rate, BMI body mass index, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, n number, ROI Republic of Ireland, SD standard deviation, UK United Kingdom, WCCs white cell counts.