Table 4.

Recommended therapeutic regimens to tackle with memory impairment in COVID-19 patients.

1. Regular physical activity, both indoors and outdoors, has shown its benefits in improving memory function all the time, not excepting the pandemic era (Jimeno-Almazán et al., 2021).

2. Doing cognitive activities regularly has been shown to be effective in strengthening memory function (e.g., short-term memory) and limiting the negative effects of memory impairment due to COVID-19 (Wen et al., 2021; Cruz et al., 2022).

3. Adherence to a brain-boosting diet plays a critical role in contributing to memory performance during the pandemic (Sohel et al., 2021): (1) cut down on sugar in daily diet, as a long-term high sugar diet was shown to lead to poor memory and declined brain volume, especially in the brain regions associated with short-term memory (Hartmann et al., 2020); (2) refined carbohydrates also need to be monitored and restricted (Hawkins et al., 2018); (3) alcohol should be consumed in moderation, as binge drinking was shown to cause damage to the hippocampus (Drissi et al., 2020); (4) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation was suggested to possess positive effects on short-term memory function (Kuelzow et al., 2016).

4. Socializing with other people regularly, whether virtually or physically, helps combat depression and stress during the pandemic, and thus has a protective role in preventing and improving memory symptoms (Cooper et al., 2021).

5. In addition to the evidence-based treatments above, the leaky RyR2 channels, HMGB1 and kynurenine pathway (KP) have been found to be potential therapeutic targets for improving COVID-19-related memory symptoms (Street, 2020; Cysique et al., 2022; Reiken et al., 2022).