Table 1.

Application techniques and the fortification levels achieved for different mineral micronutrients for different crops.

Application technique	Crop	Nutrient	Biofortification level (%)	Reference
Soil application	Fodder	Zn	13	Grujcic et al., 2021
		Se	6	Grujcic et al., 2021
	Rice	Zn	7	Joy et al., 2015
			12	Tariq et al., 2007
		Mn	18-28	Swarup et al, 1981
	Wheat	Zn	19	Joy et al., 2015
			11-29	Dwivedi and Srivastva, 2014
			21-31	Shivay et al., 2008
			144-195	Wang et al., 2015
		Mn	17-40	Nayyar et al., 1985
		Zn	32	Chattha et al., 2017
	Corn	Zn	27	Joy et al., 2015
			75	Saleem et al., 2016
		Fe	66	Saleem et al., 2016
	Sorghum	Fe	5-12	Singh et al., 2016
		Zn	5-8	Singh et al., 2016
	Finger millet	Zn	15	Yamunarani et al., 2016
	Chickpea	Zn	6	Hidoto et al., 2016
		Fe	202	Khalid et al., 2015
Foliar application	Rice	Zn	31	Prom-U-Thai et al., 2020
			25	Joy et al., 2015
			35	Ram et al., 2021
			36	Naeem et al., 2022
		Fe	8	Prom-U-Thai et al., 2020
		Se	300	Prom-U-Thai et al., 2020
			1307	Naeem et al., 2022
		I	1754	Prom-U-Thai et al., 2020
			1450	Naeem et al., 2022
	Wheat	Zn,	21	Aziz et al., 2019
			99	Pahlavan-Rad and Pessarakli, 2009
			63	Joy et al., 2015
			3-47	Narwal et al., 2012
		B	25	Aziz et al., 2019
		Fe	22	Aziz et al., 2019
			8	Pahlavan-Rad and Pessarakli, 2009
		Fe	6-85	Narwal et al., 2012
		Mn	22	Aziz et al., 2019
			7	Pahlavan-Rad and Pessarakli, 2009
			17-33	Narwal et al., 2012
		Cu	47	Aziz et al., 2019
		Zn	100	Ram et al., 2021
	Corn	Zn	30	Joy et al., 2015
			55	Saleem et al., 2016
		Fe	52	Saleem et al., 2016
	Egg plant	Cu	59	Bana et al., 2021
		Fe	49	Bana et al., 2021
		Mn	47	Bana et al., 2021
		Zn	78	Bana et al., 2021
	Mungbean	Fe	87	Ali et al., 2014
Nutripriming	Wheat	Zn	12-15	Praharaj et al., 2019
			12	Harris et al., 2008
			900	Johnson et al., 2005
			21-35	Rehman et al., 2015
			900	Johnson et al., 2005
		Mn	30-67	Ullah et al., 2018
			100	Khalid and Malik, 1982
		Fe	70	Sundaria et al., 2019
	Chickpea	Zn	60	Johnson et al., 2005
			29	Harris et al., 2008
	Rice	Zn	580	Johnson et al., 2005
	Lentil	Zn	5	Johnson et al., 2005
	Mungbean	Zn	20	Haider et al., 2020
Soil less cultivation	Lettuce	Se	14757	Sahin, 2020
		Zn	28	Sahin, 2020
		Fe	20 - 54	Giordano et al., 2019
	Leafy Brassicas	Zn	52	White et al., 2018
	B. oleracea	Zn	687	Barrameda-Medina et al., 2017
	Rice	Fe	51	Chen et al., 2017
	Red Cabbage	Zn	75 to 281	Di et al., 2019
		Fe	278	Di et al., 2019
	Bean	Fe	35	Sida-Arreola et al., 2017
		Zn	75	Sida-Arreola et al., 2017

Fortification levels were calculated based on the increase in content compared to the control.