Table 7.
Heterogeneity analysis of gender, age and income.
| Variables | Female | Male | Young | Middle–aged | Older | Low–income | Middle–income | High–income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self–reported health | Self–reported health | Self–reported health | Self–reported health | Self–rated health | Self–reported health | Self–reported health | Self–rated health | |
| Sanitary toilet | 0.070* | 0.064* | 0.067* | 0.089* | 0.082 | 0.112** | 0.066 | 0.022 |
| (0.0379) | (0.0376) | (0.0403) | (0.0496) | (0.0582) | (0.0541) | (0.0505) | (0.0449) | |
| Gender | 0.198*** | 0.218*** | 0.086** | 0.113*** | 0.245*** | 0.172*** | ||
| (0.0318) | (0.0401) | (0.0433) | (0.0365) | (0.0370) | (0.0367) | |||
| Age | −0.024*** | −0.025*** | −0.028*** | −0.033*** | −0.007** | −0.025*** | −0.027*** | −0.023*** |
| (0.0010) | (0.0010) | (0.0021) | (0.0035) | (0.0028) | (0.0011) | (0.0012) | (0.0013) | |
| Marital status | −0.076** | −0.034 | −0.082** | 0.127* | 0.04 | −0.044 | −0.052 | −0.076* |
| (0.0317) | (0.0326) | (0.0368) | (0.0659) | (0.0455) | (0.0391) | (0.0403) | (0.0395) | |
| Education | 0.061*** | 0.038*** | 0.077*** | 0.050*** | 0.001 | 0.068*** | 0.067*** | 0.026* |
| (0.0137) | (0.0125) | (0.0137) | (0.0162) | (0.0232) | (0.0179) | (0.0162) | (0.0147) | |
| Noon break | −0.069*** | −0.091*** | −0.048* | −0.059* | −0.180*** | −0.069** | −0.093*** | −0.078*** |
| (0.0245) | (0.0249) | (0.0265) | (0.0320) | (0.0372) | (0.0316) | (0.0309) | (0.0300) | |
| Smoking | −0.130* | 0.073*** | 0.046 | 0.100** | 0.119*** | 0.064 | 0.081** | 0.104*** |
| (0.0701) | (0.0242) | (0.0357) | (0.0407) | (0.0438) | (0.0396) | (0.0395) | (0.0391) | |
| Alcoholism | 0.178** | 0.230*** | 0.147*** | 0.227*** | 0.342*** | 0.263*** | 0.248*** | 0.144*** |
| (0.0708) | (0.0269) | (0.0399) | (0.0423) | (0.0494) | (0.0449) | (0.0441) | (0.0407) | |
| Reading | −0.023 | 0.005 | −0.084*** | 0.047 | 0.188*** | 0.005 | −0.052 | −0.001 |
| (0.0386) | (0.0317) | (0.0313) | (0.0520) | (0.0696) | (0.0483) | (0.0426) | (0.0394) | |
| Exercise | 0.138*** | 0.085*** | 0.112*** | 0.009 | 0.218*** | 0.107*** | 0.110*** | 0.125*** |
| (0.0272) | (0.0269) | (0.0295) | (0.0357) | (0.0391) | (0.0354) | (0.0340) | (0.0321) | |
| Internet use | 0.023 | −0.015 | 0.011 | −0.08 | −0.231 | 0.044 | −0.019 | 0.024 |
| (0.0391) | (0.0365) | (0.0330) | (0.0709) | (0.2240) | (0.0522) | (0.0464) | (0.0443) | |
| Faith | −0.073*** | −0.026 | −0.069** | −0.042 | −0.05 | −0.045 | −0.014 | −0.082** |
| (0.0280) | (0.0300) | (0.0312) | (0.0374) | (0.0427) | (0.0365) | (0.0364) | (0.0352) | |
| Family size | 0.026*** | 0.020*** | 0.028*** | 0.016* | 0.019** | 0.024*** | 0.022** | 0.021** |
| (0.0066) | (0.0066) | (0.0077) | (0.0090) | (0.0091) | (0.0083) | (0.0086) | (0.0097) | |
| Family income | 0.028*** | 0.049*** | −0.001 | 0.085*** | 0.063*** | −0.012 | 0.152** | 0.071** |
| (0.0106) | (0.0107) | (0.0116) | (0.0142) | (0.0161) | (0.0143) | (0.0631) | (0.0351) | |
| Water | 0.009 | −0.034 | −0.002 | −0.019 | −0.051 | −0.026 | 0.029 | −0.038 |
| (0.0340) | (0.0342) | (0.0364) | (0.0445) | (0.0526) | (0.0435) | (0.0446) | (0.0456) | |
| Playground | 0.741 | −0.02 | 0.553 | 0.69 | −0.155 | 1.016 | 0.692 | 0.077 |
| (0.4971) | (0.4970) | (0.6470) | (0.5660) | (0.6349) | (1.0156) | (0.6466) | (0.5531) | |
| Drug store | −0.893 | 0.28 | −0.978 | −0.904 | 0.797 | −1.914 | −1.052 | 0.407 |
| (1.1633) | (1.2211) | (1.6301) | (1.3524) | (1.4823) | (2.0182) | (1.7881) | (1.4436) | |
| Hospital | −0.889 | 0.695 | −1.995 | −0.007 | 1.618 | −3.38 | −0.301 | 0.676 |
| (1.9480) | (2.0162) | (2.6379) | (2.2521) | (2.5802) | (3.5069) | (2.8147) | (2.4581) | |
| Polluting enterprise | −0.939 | −0.016 | −1.025 | −0.622 | 0.192 | −1.142 | −0.798 | −0.396 |
| (0.6822) | (0.7079) | (0.9208) | (0.7826) | (0.9317) | (1.1678) | (0.9852) | (0.8731) | |
| Ethnic minority area | 0.886 | −0.736 | 0.836 | 1.216 | −0.869 | 2.153 | 0.674 | −0.212 |
| (1.7276) | (1.8115) | (2.4132) | (1.9936) | (2.2443) | (2.9839) | (2.6581) | (2.1653) | |
| Distance | −0.032 | −0.004 | −0.023 | −0.043 | −0.001 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.011 |
| (0.0239) | (0.0249) | (0.0332) | (0.0275) | (0.0309) | (0.0413) | (0.0360) | (0.0302) | |
| Village size | −0.570** | −0.306 | 0.049 | −0.747** | −0.699* | 0.169 | −0.594* | −0.608 |
| (0.2752) | (0.2721) | (0.3311) | (0.3287) | (0.3945) | (0.4309) | (0.3417) | (0.3802) | |
| Village fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Obs | 9,414 | 9,236 | 8,130 | 5,860 | 4,660 | 6,216 | 6,246 | 6,241 |
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1.