Table 1.
Article Summary.
| Author, year | Country | Aim of study | Study design/methods | Sample | Study findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilal et al. (2020) | Pakistan | To explore the experiences of staff providing care to elderly residents during the COVID pandemic | Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) | n = 27 (5 male, 22 female) | Professional “caregivers” experienced fear of contagion and in turn felt lower motivation to work |
| Blanco- Donoso et al. (2021) | Spain | To explore levels of satisfaction among nursing home workers during the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional quantitative | n = 335 (66 male, 269 female) | Workers (including physicians, nurses, social workers, and other workers) had high levels of satisfaction with social support at work helping found to promote satisfaction |
| Blanco- Donoso et al. (2020) | Spain | To examine the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing home workers | Cross-sectional quantitative (online questionnaires) | n = 228 (45 male, 183 female) | Workers (including physicians, social workers, and other workers) report high workload and social pressure, as well as fear of contagion, and secondary traumatic stress |
| Brady et al. (2022) | Ireland | To evaluate the mental health of long-term care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional quantitative (online survey) | n = 390 (86.4% female) | Workers (including nurses, healthcare assistants, and non-clinical staff) had suicidal thoughts and well-being scores indicating low mood |
| Briggs et al. (2021) | United Kingdom | To explore the perspectives and experiences of long-term care workers during the pandemic | Qualitative (open ended interviews) | n = 15 | Adult social care workers experienced stress, increased workload and feelings of pressure as well as faced mental health problems |
| Brito Fernandes et al. (2021) | Portugal | To explore the perceived readiness and safety of nursing homes against the COVID-19 pandemic as well as worker experiences | Quantitative (survey plus open-ended questions) | n = 720 (93% female) | Workers (including nurses, social workers, physicians, and other workers) reported outbreak capacity and training as areas for improvement for pandemic response |
| Bunn et al. (2021) | United Kingdom | To evaluate the experiences of care home staff during two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic | Mixed methods (online surveys participants (including senior care and in-depth interviews) | n = 238 survey (n = 15 for interviews) | The pandemic had a significant effect on the well-being of care home staff. Participants (including senior care workers, junior care workers, and other workers) reported good morale due to a supportive environment |
| Cohen- Mansfield (2022) | Israel | To understand the impact of COVID-19 on staff in long term care facilities | Mixed methods (survey and open- ended questions) | n = 52 facilities | Workers (including nurses, physicians, social workers, and other workers) experienced increased workload due to a reduced workforce and negative mental health effects |
| Corpora et al. (2021) | United States | To explore nursing home staff perceptions of a person-centered communication intervention during the pandemic | Qualitative (telephone interviews) | n = 11 | Nursing home providers, namely, nursing staff, experienced disproportionately greater burdens and pressures |
| Dohmen et al. (2022) | Netherlands | To explore care home staff experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (open ended narrative responses) | n = 424 (all female) | Workers (including nurses, nursing assistants, activity workers, and other workers) experienced a great degree of internal conflict when enforcing pandemic mitigation measures |
| Freidus and Shenk (2020) | United States | To explore the experiences of care workers working in COVID-19 units during a major outbreak | Qualitative (in-depth semi-structured interviews) | n = 5 (4 staff members, 1 administrator) | Workers (including nurses, nursing assistants, and a facility manager) in COVID-19 units experienced fear of contagion, frustration, and trauma |
| Giebel et al. (2022) | United Kingdom | To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of workers in long term care homes | Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) | n = 42 (11 male, 31 female) | Participants (including carers, managers, and other workers) experienced anger and frustration, stress, and burnout. They reported an overall negative impact on their mental health |
| Hoedl et al. (2022) | Austria | To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of nursing home staff | Qualitative (interviews) | n = 18 (14 female) | Workers (including nurses, nursing aides, and care aides) reported feelings of uncertainty, fear, and stress |
| Hung et al. (2022) | Canada | To explore the experiences of long-term care home staff during a COVID-19 outbreak | Qualitative (focus groups and interviews) | n = 30 (6 male, 24 female) | Workers (including nurses, care aides, and dietary staff) reported feelings of anxiety with regards to safety and safety protocols, and lack of PPE |
| Husky et al. (2022) | France | To explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health nursing home staff | Quantitative (questionnaires) | n = 127 (89% female) | Workers (including all nursing home roles) reported a fear of infecting others and mental health issues and feelings of depression |
| Krzyzaniak et al. (2021) | Australia | To evaluate the experiences of LTC workers during the COVID-19 pandemic | Quantitative (survey with open-ended questions) | n = 371 (87% female) | Workers (including all residential care facility roles) reported problems with regards to adequate PPE availability. Workers experienced increased workload, stress, and emotional toll |
| Leontjevas et al. (2021) | Netherlands | To understand from the perspective of nursing home practitioners whether challenges in dealing with residents during the COVID-19 pandemic changed | Mixed methods (online survey consisted of closed and open-ended questions) | n = 323 (psychologists, physicians, nurse practitioners) | Workers (including elderly care physicians, psychologists, and nurse practitioners) reported increases in challenging behavior among residents, an overall increase in workload and a decrease in work satisfaction |
| Leskovic et al. (2020) | Slovenia | To explore job satisfaction and burnout levels among healthcare workers in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic | Mixed methods (survey and in-depth interview) | n = 781 (nurses, nursing assistants) | An increase in burnout syndromes was evident with workers (including nurses, nurse assistants, and nurse aides) experiencing heightened emotional exhaustion and lack of recognition |
| Lethin et al. (2021) | Sweden, Italy, Germany, and United Kingdom | To compare staff experiences of stress and anxiety as well as internal and external organizational support | Quantitative (questionnaire) | n = 595 (nurses, nursing assistants, and other providers) | Support provided to staff differed greatly across staff categories (nurses vs. aides) and within each country. Structural, political, cultural, and economic factors within each country played a key role |
| Lightman (2022) | Canada | To explore the impact of the pandemic on the working lives of immigrant women in long term care facilities | Qualitative (in-depth online interviews) | n = 25 (all women) | Mmigrant women health care aides in LTC facilities reported experiences of economic and social exclusion being heightened by pandemic conditions |
| Martín et al. (2021) | Spain | To explore mental health and health related quality of life among care home workers | Quantitative (questionnaires) | n = 210 (86.19% female) | Symptomatology of stress, depression, anxiety, health related quality of life, etc. were affected among LTC workers (including nurses, administrators, cooking staff, psychologists, and other workers) |
| Martínez- López et al. (2021) | Spain | To explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected healthcare workers in residential centers/nursing homes for the elderly | Cross-sectional quantitative (survey) | n = 296 (13.9% male, 86.1% women) | Many workers (including nurses, nursing assistants, and other workers) were found to be emotionally exhausted and suffering from depersonalization |
| McGilton et al. (2021) | Canada | To understand the roles of nurse practitioners in optimizing care in long term care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic | Phenomenological approach qualitative (interviews) | n = 14 (nurse practitioners: 11 women, 3 male) | Nurse practitioners showed concerns regarding the spread of COVID-19 and the ability to adequately support staff |
| Miller et al. (2021) | United States | To understand perceptions of preparedness among nursing home social workers for the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional quantitative (social media surveys) | n = 63 (1 male, 62 female) | Majority of social workers felt unprepared to meet the demands and challenges posed by the pandemic |
| Pardos et al. (2022) | Spain | To analyze the extent to which potential risk and protective factors against burnout have influenced nursing home workers during the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional quantitative (online survey) | n = 340 (health professionals) | Increase in hours has negative impacts on burnout among workers (including managers, direct care staff, technical staff, and other workers). Perceived social support and availability of resources were found to have protective effects |
| Nyashanu et al. (2022) | United Kingdom | To explore the triggers of mental health problems among healthcare workers in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) | n = 40 (20 female, 10 male) | Triggers of mental health problems among frontline workers (all types) were found to include fear of contagion and infection of others and lack of recognition |
| Pförtner et al. (2021) | Germany | To investigate whether the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic are increasing the intent to quit the profession among long-term care managers | Cross-sectional quantitative (online survey) | n = 532 and n = 301 (two cycles of surveys) | A significant association was found between the perceived pandemic-specific demands and the intention to leave the profession among care managers |
| Reynolds et al. (2022) | Canada | To explore the experiences and needs of staff during the COVID-19 pandemic in long term care homes | Mixed methods (survey with open-ended questions) | n = 70 (care home staff and management) | Workers (including clinical staff, managers, administrators, and other workers) experienced stress, increased workloads, fear of contagion, and overall caregiver burden |
| Riello et al. (2020) | Italy | To test the prevalence of anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms among care home workers during the first COVID-19 outbreak | Cross-sectional quantitative (online survey) | n = 1140 (188 nursing and care home) | Workers (including healthcare staff, technical staff, and administrative staff) commonly reported post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety |
| Rutten et al. (2021) | Netherlands | To understand the experiences of workers in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (focus groups) | n = 29 (5 male, 24 female) | Workers (including nurse assistants, managers, therapists, and other workers) experienced a loss of daily working structure and expressed an increased need for social support |
| Sarabia-Cobo et al. (2021) | Spain, Italy, Peru, and Mexico | To understand the emotional impact and experiences of geriatric nurses in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (semi-structured interviews) | n = 24 (7-Spain, 7-Italy, 4-Peru, 6-Mexico) | Geriatric nurses experienced emotional exhaustion and shared fears of contagion |
| Scerri et al. (2022) | Malta | To understand the experiences of long-term care nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (interviews, open-ended) | n = 9 (6 females, 3 males) | Nurses reported having feelings of frustration, anger, and sadness and also reported facing an increased workload |
| Snyder et al. (2021) | United States | To understand the experiences of nursing home staff during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (focus groups) | n = 110 (23 focus groups) | Workers reported a toll on their well-being and increased stress along with staffing issues within facilities |
| Spilsbury et al. (2021) | United Kingdom | To identify pertinent care and organizational concerns expressed by care home staff members | Qualitative (self-formed closed WhatsApp discussion group) | n = 250 (mixed of care home staff) | Workers’ (including certified nursing assistants and environmental services staff) concerns about infection prevention and support and maintenance of effective care for residents and staff |
| Tebbeb et al. (2022) | France | To evaluate the mental health of nursing home staff and the psychological impact of the COVID pandemic on workers using a questionnaire | Mixed methods (12 semi-structured interviews) | n = 373 (survey - 82% female; interviews) | Workers (including healthcare staff, managers, and other workers) found the questionnaire and preventative measures helpful in terms of reducing stress |
| Tomaszewsk a et al. (2022) | Poland | To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial burden and job satisfaction among LTC workers | Quantitative (survey questionnaires) | n = 138 (96.4% female) | Nurses rated the characteristics in the workplace relating to psychosocial risks as being at an average level with emotional commitment also being rated as being a medium level |
| van Dijk et al. (2022) | Netherlands | To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of workers in LTC homes | Quantitative (questionnaires) | n = 1669 (91.6% female) | Some workers (including healthcare professionals and non-care workers) reported high levels of burnout and depressive symptoms |
| White et al. (2021) | United States | To explore the experiences of front-line nursing home staff during the COVID-19 pandemic | Mixed methods (electronic survey and open-ended questions) | n = 152 | Workers (including direct-care staff and administrators) expressed concerns regarding constraints on testing and lack of PPE equipment. Workers also experienced fear of contagion and reported burnout |
| Yau et al. (2021) | Canada | To describe the experiences of long-term care workers during COVID-19 outbreaks | Qualitative (key informant, semi-structured interview) | n = 23 | Workers (including frontline staff, nurses, managers, administrators, and other workers) reported needing better management of outbreaks including early case identification, public health interventions, training and education, PPE, workplace culture, leadership, communication, and staffing |
| Zhao et al. (2021) | China | To understand the challenges faced by nursing home staff during the COVID-19 pandemic | Qualitative (in-depth semi-structured interview) | n = 21 (all females) | Workers (including nurse managers, nurses, and nursing assistants) experienced fear of contagion and faced heavy workloads. Workers described coping strategies involving support from fellow peers and management groups |