Figure 2.

Plant intra- and inter-kingdom interactions mediated by flavonoids. The main aboveground and underground multitrophic interactions, that are orchestrated by flavonoids, are illustrated in the figure. The release of these phytochemicals in the soil modulates allelopathic interactions with neighbor plants and the symbiotic relationship with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). It also mediates rhizocompetence traits of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), exerts antimicrobial and antifungal functions against phytopatogens and stimulates the bacterial catabolism for xenobiotics degradation. Furthermore, flavonoids can tune interactions with beneficial and opportunistic insects. Recently, flavonoids have been proposed as nutraceutical and prebiotics for human health. The image was partially realized using graphic contents from Biorender (https://biorender.com/ (accessed on 2 October 2022)).