Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | No COVID-19 | COVID-19 | Total | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Patients (%) | 17 (16.83) | 84 (83.17) | 101 (100) | ********* |
| Study Centers | ||||
| Spedali Civili Hospital—University of Brescia, n (%) | 17 (100.00) | 11 (13.10) | 28 (27.72) | ********* |
| Addenbrooke’s Hospital—University of Cambridge, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (11.90) | 10 (9.90) | ********* |
| San Martino Hospital—University of Genoa, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 21 (25.00) | 21 (20.79) | ********* |
| Hospital Clínic Universitari—University of Valencia, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 42 (50.00) | 42 (41.58) | ********* |
| Baseline Demographics | ||||
| Patient age, years, mean (SD) | 67 (15) | 62 (13) | 63 (13) | 0.163 |
| Gender male (M), n (%) | 10 (58.82) | 57 (67.86) | 67 (66.34) | 0.472 |
| Indicator for delirium (Yes), n (%) | 9 (75.00) | 35 (57.38) | 44 (60.27) | 0.254 |
| Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, mean (SD) | 45 (14) | 39 (10) | 40 (11) | 0.078 |
| Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, median (IQR) | 47 (32; 58) | 38 (32; 45) | 38 (32; 47) | 0.112 |
| Sedative Medications | ||||
| Ketamine (yes), n (%) | 1 (5.88) | 21 (28.38) | 22 (24.18) | 0.051 |
| Propofol mg/h, mean (SD) | 42 (69) | 124 (55) | 108 (65) | 0.000 |
| Midazolam mg/h, mean (SD) | 3.29 (2.39) | 3.39 (4.88) | 3.37 (4.51) | 0.936 |
| Fentanyl mcg/kg/h, mean (SD) | 0.82 (0.58) | 0.27 (0.32) | 0.37 (0.44) | 0.000 |
| Morphine mg/h, mean (SD) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.036 |
| Remifentanil mcg/kg/min, mean (SD) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.001 |
| Dexmedetomidine mcg/kg/h, mean (SD) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.40) | 0.18 (0.37) | 0.047 |
| Neuromuscular Blocking Agents | ||||
| None, n (%) | 2 (11.76) | 22 (29.73) | 24 (26.37) | ********* |
| Rocuronium, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 48 (64.86) | 48 (52.75) | ********* |
| Cisatracurium, n (%) | 15 (88.24) | 4 (5.41) | 19 (20.88) | ********* |
| Use neuromuscular blocking agents, n (%) | 15 (88.24) | 52 (70.27) | 67 (73.63) | 0.130 |
| Dose of neuromuscular blocking agents, mean (SD) | 7.59 (3.95) | 32.03 (24.20) | 27.46 (23.86) | 0.000 |
| Richmont Agitation Sedation Scale | ||||
| Richmont Agitation Sedation Scale, mean (SD) | −4.7 (0.8) | −4.6 (0.8) | −4.6 (0.8) | 0.657 |
| Oversedation Parameters | ||||
| Oversedation indicator—when either criterion, n (%) | 15 (88.24) | 58 (69.05) | 73 (72.28) | 0.107 |
| Oversedation indicator—when both criteria, n (%) | 12 (70.59) | 40 (47.62) | 52 (51.49) | 0.084 |
| Length of Stay | ||||
| Length of stay in ICU, days, median (IQR) | 16 (14; 23) | 21 (14; 26) | 20 (14; 25) | 0.212 |
| Length of stay in hospital, days, median (IQR) | 24 (18; 46) | 28 (22; 42) | 28 (21; 44) | 0.654 |
| Main Clinical Outcomes | ||||
| Duration of mechanical ventilation, days, median (IQR) | 13 (7; 20) | 18 (9; 25) | 15 (9; 25) | 0.095 |
| Indicator for death in ICU, n (%) | 7 (41.18) | 34 (40.48) | 41 (40.59) | 0.957 |
Legend: ICU, intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.