Figure 3.

Development of percutaneous delivery systems of SIN. (A) The transmission electron microscope of monoterpene edge activated PEGylated transfersomes (×20,000) and the release of SIN after its application to the abdominal skin of rats (n = 5) [41]. (B) laser scanning confocal microscopy images of skin samples for sodium fluorescein-loaded cubic LC gel (Q^S), rhodamine B-loaded cubic LC gel (Q^R), sodium fluorescein-loaded carbomer gel (Cb^S), and rhodamine B-loaded carbomer gel (Cb^R) in Franz cells during different periods (×100) [44]. (C) The close-up views of microneedles and the methylene blue-stained frozen section of rat’s abdominal skins treated by microneedles [45]. The arrow means the pierced position. (D) Cumulative release of SIN under ultrasound with single- or dual-frequency treatment [48]. * p < 0.05. (Reprinted with permission from Refs. [41,44,45,48]).