Table 5.

The results from the experiment on the impact of weather conditions on TTP.

Model	RMSE (s)	MAE (s)	${\mathit{R}}^2$ (%)
CNN	166.21	64.52	0.980022
MLP	148.67	31.14	0.984015
GRU	74.76	26.66	0.996619
LSTM	72.93	25.87	0.996727
BiGRU	63.98	19.62	0.997187
BiLSTM	63.12	18.48	0.997498
GRU + XGB [8]	84.96	33.96	0.994780
LightGBM + XGB [9]	67.91	24.99	0.996665
MLP + LightGBM [10]	67.95	24.91	0.996661
Proposed Hybridized BiLSTM–BiGRU Model	55.71 ± 5.41	13.29 ± 2.31	0.99767 ± 0.00088