Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the present cohort.
| Parameter | Total Number (%)/ Mean (Standard Deviation) |
|---|---|
| Demographic | |
| Age | 66.04 (12.44) |
| Male | 118,262 (47.44) |
| All-cause mortality | 85,870 (34.45) |
| Medications | |
| Biguanide | 185,069 (74.24) |
| Sulphonylurea | 172,779 (69.31) |
| Insulin | 29,401 (11.79) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 3637 (1.46) |
| Meglitinide | 22 (0.01) |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 310 (0.12) |
| Glucagon-like receptor peptide-1 agonists | 17 (0.01) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | 120,604 (48.38) |
| Beta-blockers | 90,908 (36.47) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 107,879 (43.27) |
| Lipid-lowering agents | 60,152 (24.13) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Coronary heart disease (CHD) | 25,589 (10.26) |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | 7564 (3.03) |
| Heart failure (HF) | 10,900 (4.37) |
| CHD-HF | 3586 (1.44) |
| CHD-AF | 1677 (0.67) |
| HF-CHD | 1919 (0.77) |
| HF-AF | 967 (0.39) |
| AF-CHD | 771 (0.31) |
| AF-HF | 1809 (0.73) |
| CHD-HF-AF | 170 (0.07) |
| CHD-AF-HF | 480 (0.19) |
| HF-CHD-AF | 192 (0.08) |
| AF-CHD-HF | 126 (0.05) |
| HF-AF-CHD | 134 (0.05) |
| AF-HF-CHD | 164 (0.07) |
| Renal diabetic complications | 3323 (1.33) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 341 (0.14) |
| Neurological diabetic complications | 1144 (0.46) |
| Ophthalmological diabetic complications | 3490 (1.40) |
| Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack | 8733 (3.50) |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 3134 (1.26) |
| Osteoporosis | 134 (0.05) |
| Dementia | 2725 (1.09) |
| Hypertension | 62,571 (25.10) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 793 (0.32) |
| Cancer | 11,442 (4.59) |