Table 1.

H&E staining scores of brain tissues.

	C Group	DEN Group	DEN + A1 Group	DEN + A2 Group
Degeneration in neurons	−	+++	++	+
Necrosis in neurons	−	+++	++	+
Hyperemia	−	+++	+++	++

Grade 0: − (0% negative), Grade 1: + (0–33% mild positive), Grade 2: ++ (33–66% moderate positive), and Grade 3: +++ (66–100% severe positive). HE: hematoxylin and eosin staining, C: control, DEN: diethylnitrosamine, A1: 0.8 g/kg artichoke, A2: 1.6 g/kg artichoke.