Table 1.
General overview of PTMs in the main target proteins related to human immune-mediated diseases.
| Human Disease | Target Proteins | PTM | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis | Myelin proteins (MBP), GFAP, Histone H3 | Citrullination | [9] |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Palindromic Rheumatism |
Proteins of inflamed joints and synovium: Collagen type II, Fibrinogen, Fibrin, Vimentin, α-Enolase |
Citrullination Carbamylation Acetylation Glycosylation |
[10,11,12,13] |
| Type 1 Diabetes | Proteins modified in beta-cells and neutrophils (IAPP, IA-2, IGRP, GAD65, GRP78) |
Citrullination | [14] |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Intracellular macromolecules: ribonucleoproteins and nucleosomes (U1-70K, Ro/SSA, La/SSB, SmD1, H2B, H4, …) |
Phosphorylation Glycosylation Acetylation Iso-aspartylation Methylation Ubiquitination |
[15,16,17] |
| Celiac disease | Adherence and tight junction proteins; transcription factor (PPARγ); serum IgG and IgA1 Wheat gliadin |
Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Glycosylation Citrullination |
[18,19] |
| Psoriasis/Psoriatic arthritis | Keratin; Cathelicidin LL37 | Citrullination Carbamylation |
[20,21] |
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Apolipoprotein (β2GPI), Vimentin |
Oxidation/ Sialylation Citrullination |
[22] |
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | PDC-E2 | Acylation/ oxidation |
[23] |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Kinases: MAPKs and PKB/Akt; DNA-binding transcription factor; NF-κB; Histone H3 | Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Glycosylation Citrullination |
[19,24] |
| Sjogren’s Syndrome | α-Enolase | Citrullination | [25] |
Myelin basic protein (MBP); glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP); Islet antigen-2 (IA-2); Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic (IGRP); glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65); glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78); Histone H2B; Histone H4; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ); β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI); E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2); Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB); Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt).