Table 1.
Relationships among various cytokines, origins, and functions.
| Cytokines | Origin | Function | Ref. No. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th1 | IFN-γ | Activated T cell | Macrophage activation | [55,74] |
| IFN-λ | Activated T cell | Dendritic cell activation | [75] | |
| TNF-α | Activated T cell, Monocyte/Macrophage | Promotes inflammatory cytokines | [50,76] | |
| IL-2 | Activated T cell | T cell/NK cell activation | [51] | |
| GM-CSF | Activated T cell Monocyte/Macrophage, Fibroblast |
Neutrophil/Macrophage activation | [52] | |
| Th2 | IL-4 | Activated T cell | B cell/T cell activation IgE isotype switch |
[53,58] |
| IL-5 | Activated T cell Eosinophil, Mast cell |
Eosinophil proliferation/differentiation | [54,55] | |
| IL-6 | Activated T cell | Induce B cells into antibody-producing cells T-cell differentiation |
[56] | |
| IL-13 | Activated T cell Mast cell |
Macrophage activation IgE isotype switch |
[57,58] | |
| Others | IL-1 | Monocyte/MΦ | T cell activation | [59] |
| IL-33 | Activated T cell Endothelial/Epithelial cell |
Promoting Th2-associated cytokines | [60,61] | |
| CXCL1 GROα |
Epithelial cells, Macrophage, Neutrophil | Neutrophil migration | [62] | |
| CXCL3 GROγ MIP-2β |
Monocyte, Fibroblast | Neutrophil migration/adhesion | [63] | |
| CXCL5 ENA-78 |
Eosinophil | Neutrophil migration/activation | [64] | |
| CXCL8 IL-8 |
Monocyte/Macrophage, Fibroblast | Neutrophil migration | [62,65] | |
| CXCL10 IP-10 |
Monocyte, Fibroblast | T cell/NK cell activation | [66] | |
| CCL2 MCP-1 |
Monocyte/Macrophage, Fibroblast | Monocyte migration | [67] | |
| CCL3 MIP-1α |
Monocyte/Macrophage, Activated T cell | Monocyte migration/infiltration Eosinophil/mast cell/Dendritic cell migration |
[68] | |
| CCL4 MIP-1β |
Monocyte/Macrophage, Activated T cell | Monocyte/T cell migration | [68] | |
| CCL5 RANTES |
Monocyte/Macrophage, Fibroblast | Monocyte/lymphocyte/Eosinophil/mast cell migration |
[69,70] | |
| CCL11 Eotaxin |
Airway Epithelial Cells, Fibroblast | Eosinophil migration/degranulation Mast cell activation/migration |
[71] | |
| CCL20 MIP-3α |
Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell | Dendritic cell activation/migration T cell/B cell migration |
[72] | |
| CCL24 Eotaxin-2 |
Monocyte/Macrophage | Eosinophil migration | [71] | |
| TSLP | Epithelial cells | Promoting Th2-associated cytokines B cell activation |
[73] |