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. 2022 Nov 26;14(12):2605. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122605

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Activation of the complement system on NPs. Schematic representation of the complement activation on the surface of nanoparticles through the (a) classical, (b) alternative, and (c) lectin pathways till the late pathway (d). Igs: immunoglobulins; P: properdin; CFB: complement factor B; CFD: complement factor D; MASP: mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease; MBL: mannose-binding lectin; ag: antigen. The figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art by Servier, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.