Table 3.

Standard instruments used to measure social isolation and loneliness.

Standard Scales	Parameter Measured	Article
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale	Loneliness	[44,46,47,48]
De Jong Gierveld Scale	Loneliness	[26,37]
ESTE-R scale	Loneliness	[61]
Lubben Social Network Scale	Presence of social network	[26,27]
Custom survey	Frequency of attendance in social events	[26]
Other Scales
Single-item measure of social identification	One’s positive emotional valuation of the relationship between self and in-group	[62]
Friendship scale	Perceived social support from family and friends	[63]
The social support questionnaire	Social support satisfaction, social participation and material aid	[64]
Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours	Instrumental, informational, and social support	[65]