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. 2022 Dec 13;10(12):2457. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122457

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mechanism of gut dysbiosis leading to the development of type 2 inflammation in asthma. Reduction of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induce a class switching of immunoglobulin (Ig) with an increase of fecal IgE acting on dendritic cells. Switching to IgE production is also stimulated by high levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and IL 13, produced by invariant natural killer (iNK) cells under dysbiosis stimuli. Dysbiosis influences the homing of mast cells to the intestine by the expression of CXCR2. Fewer intestinal mast cells and increased blood levels stimulate an inflammatory state observed in asthma.