Table 1.
Main characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis of the association between the RLP-C and MACEs.
| Country | Study Design | Subjects | Sample Size | Sex Female | Age (Years) | RLP-C Analysis | Mean LDL-C (mmol/L) | Follow-Up Time (Months) | Outcome Reported | Confounder Adjustment | Quality Assessment (Newcastle–Ottawa Scale) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shao et al. 2022 [15] | China | Retrospective cohort study | Patients with ACS undergoing PCI | 1716 | 23.3% | 60 ± 10 | RLP-C > 75th vs. RLP-C ≤ 75th | 2.44 ± 0.80 | 30.9 | MACE (354) | Age, sex, BMI, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, past MI, past PCI, CKD, statins on admission, discharged drugs, complete revascularization, STEMI, hs-CRP, GRACE risk score, left main or multivessel disease. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
| Nguyen et al. 2014 [20] | Japan | Prospective cohort study | Patients with ACS undergoing PCI | 190 | 27.9% | 70.2 (63.0 − 79.0) | RLP-C ≥ 5.4 mg/dL vs. RLP-C < 5.4 mg/dL | 2.57 ± 0.80 | 30 | MACE (42), Cardiac death (2), MI (10), Ischemia-driven revascularization (25), Stroke (30) | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, DM, HTN, Multivessel CAD, hs-CRP, HbA1c, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
| Nakamura et al. 2016 [21] | Japan | Prospective cohort study | Patients with stable CAD | 560 | 43.0% | 64 ± 9 | Continuous | 2.31 (1.92–2.51) | 33 | MACE (40), Cardiac death (13), MI (2), Ischemia-driven revascularization (17), Stroke (8) | Multivessel CAD, CRP, eGFR, BNP, non-HDL-C, and ApoA-I. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 1 Outcome: 2 |
| Cao et al. 2020 [22] | China | Retrospective cohort study | Patients with CAD | 4431 | 28.9% | 58.32 ± 12.29 | Continuous | 2.44 ± 0.89 | 61.2 | MACE (541), Cardiac death (75), UAP requiring hospitalization (132), MI (44), Repeat revascularization (181), Stroke (109) |
Age, sex, smoking, BMI, DM, HTN, Family history of CAD, Baseline statin, TC, TG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, Apo B, and LDL-C. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
| Hong et al. 2017 [17] | China | Retrospective Cohort study | Patients with stable CAD and diabetes mellitus | 328 | 36.2% | 59.2 ± 9.4 | Continuous | 2.50 ± 1.00 | 12 | MACE (47), Cardiac death (3), UAP requiring hospitalization (5), MI (8), Repeat revascularization (32) | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, HTN, Family history of CAD, Gensini scores, Lp (a), HbA1c, hs-CRP, Fibrinogen, Neutrophil count and LDL-C. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 1 |
| Zhao et al. 2020 [14] | China | Retrospective cohort study | Patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing PCI | 2419 | 28.2% | 60.08 ± 8.97 | RLP-C > 50th vs. RLP-C ≤ 50th, Continuous | 2.50 ± 0.88 | 36 | MACE (454), all-cause death (21), MI (117), ischemia-driven revascularization (316) | Age, BMI, heart rate, SBP, DM, prior MI, prior PCI, prior CABG, prior stroke, TG, TC, HDL-C, hs-CRP, eGFR, FBG, HbA1c, LVEF, principal diagnosis, discharged drugs, Left main disease, muti-vessel disease, CTO disease, diffuse disease, bifurcation disease, and number of stents. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 1 |
| Gao et al. 2022 [23] | China | Prospective cohort study | Patients with MINOCA | 1179 | 36.5% | 55.70 ± 11.8 | RLP-C > 50th vs. RLP-C ≤ 50th, Continuous | 2.29 ± 0.76 | 41.7 | MACE (168), All-cause death (18), UAP or HF requiring hospitalization (119), MI (41), Repeat revascularization (46), Stroke (109) |
Age, sex, BMI, MI type, HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
| Kugiyama et al. 1999 [24] | Japan | Prospective cohort study | Patients with CAD | 135 | 34.0% | 65.00 ± 9.70 | T3 vs. T1-T2 | NA | 26.8 | MACE (45) | Age, sex, smoking, HTN, DM, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, stenosis of left main coronary artery, and the number of diseased coronary arteries. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 1 |
| Fujihara et al. 2019 [25] | Japan | Prospective cohort study | Patients with stable CAD | 256 | 9.0% | 67.0 (60.0 –74.0) | Continuous | 1.60 (1.45–1.73) | 38 | MACE (33), Cardiac death (2), HF requiring hospitalization (9), MI (1), ischemia-driven revascularization (13), Stroke (30), PAD requiring endovascular treatment (1), aortic aneurysms requiring surgical treatment (3) | Smoking, TG, Lp (a), HbA1c, and ApoB. | Selection: 4 Comparability: 1 Outcome: 2 |
| Liu et al. 2020 [26] | China | Retrospective cohort study | Patients with stable CAD | 6839 | 27.6% | 58.10 ± 10.70 | RLP-C > 50th vs. RLP-C ≤ 50th, Continuous | 2.44 ± 0.92 | 54.9 | MACE (462), Cardiac death (197), MI (94), Stroke (171) | Age, sex, smoking status, prior MI, HTN, DM, LVEF, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C creatinine, statin use and types at admission, and statintypes on discharge. |
Selection: 4 Comparability: 2 Outcome: 2 |
Abbreviation: RLP-C, remnant-like particle cholesterol; MACEs, major cardiovascular adverse events; CAD, coronary artery disease, ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction; CKD, chronic kidney disease; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary events; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Apo A-I, BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; apolipoprotein A-I; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; Lp (a), lipoprotein a; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; FBG, fasting blood glucose; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; CTO, chronic total occlusion; UA, uric acid; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Cre, creatinine; CT, computed tomography; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TC, total.cholesterol.