Table 1.
Candidate biomarkers of disease activity and treatment response in PSO and AD, with relative features and therapeutics.
| Biomarker | Main Points | Relevant Therapeutics |
|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | Useful for assessing disease activity, developing of mental health in patients with PSO and for predicting responsiveness of joint symptoms to biologic treatments [37,68] | Tocilizumab |
| TNF-α | Correlates with disease activity, systemic treatment response in PSO and major depression [37,61,69] | Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab |
| IL-17 | Related to disease activity, systemic treatment response in PSO [70] and major depressive disorder [35] | Secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab |
| IL-23 | Correlates with depression, anxiety and disease activity in PsA [71]. It may serve for identifying joint activity or skin severity but not QoL or physical function [72] | Ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab and tildrakizumab |
| HLA-Cw6 | Associated with PSO severity and progression, as well as obesity and metabolic syndrome [54,73] | - |
| CCL20 | Strongly associated with vascular endothelial inflammation, it reflects systemic inflammation and may serve as indicator of impaired vascular health in PSO [60] | - |
| PON1 | Described as potential indicator of the liver disorders in PSO [58] | - |
| PTX3 | Protective role regarding the development of cardiometabolic disorders, especially in overweight and obese patients with PSO [58] | - |
| CXCL10 | Associated with the development of PsA among patients with PSO [56] | - |
| IL-4Rα | Correlates with disease activity and systemic treatment response in AD [66] | Dupilumab |
| IL-13 | Related to disease activity and impairment of skin barrier in AD. It may activate itch signaling and scratching [64,74,75,76] | Tralokinumab |
| IL-31 | Correlates with severity of allergic diseases [77] and good/poor clinical outcome of the anti-IL 4 receptor-α antibody dupilumab during the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe AD [66] | Nemolizumab |
Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IL, interleukin; PSA, psoriatic arthritis; PSO, psoriasis; QoL, quality of life; R, receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.