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(i) 1. Na, EtOH, 70 °C, 1.5 h, 2. 1,3-dibromopropane, 2 h, rt to reflux, (ii) 1. NaH, benzene, dibutyl phosphonate, reflux, 3.5 h, 2. VII, reflux, 5.6 h (iii) 6 N HCl, acetic acid, 20 h, reflux (iva) 1. formic acid, acetic anhydride, 1.1 h, 0 to 5 °C, 2. NH3 (28 % aq. sol.), (ivb) acetic anhydride, water, rt, 1.5 h, Ts = tosyl, PMB = p-methoxybenzyl.
