Table 2.
| Continents | Animal Species | Diagnostic Test * | Prevalence Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| South America | Buffalo | CM, PCR | 9.4–48.2% |
| Cattle | CM, ICT, PCR | 3.0–56.1% | |
| Goat | CM | 4.8–100% | |
| Sheep | CM, PCR | 0.0–25.0% | |
| Pig | CM, PCR | 0.0–2.2% | |
| Horse | CM | 0.0–100% | |
| Calves | CM, ELISA, PCR | 84.2% | |
| North America | Cattle | CM, IFA, PCR | 1.1–78.0% |
| Goat | CM | 20.0–72.5% | |
| Sheep | CM, IFA, PCR | 20.0–77.4% | |
| Pig | CM, IFA | 2.8–19.6% | |
| Horse | CM, IFA, PCR | 0.0–17.0% | |
| Africa | Buffalo | CM, PCR | 1.3–52.0% |
| Cattle | CM, ELISA, PCR | 0.5–86.7% | |
| Goat | CM, ELISA | 0.0–76.5% | |
| Sheep | CM, ELISA, PCR | 1.3–41.8% | |
| Pig | CM, ELISA, IFA, PCR | 13.9–44.9% | |
| Horse | CM, PCR | 0.0–2.9% | |
| Asia | Buffalo | CM, ICT, PCR | 3.6–50.0% |
| Cattle | CM, ICT, IFA, PCR | 1.5–93.0% | |
| Goat | CM, ICT, IFA | 0.0–42.9% | |
| Sheep | CM, ELISA, ICT, PCR | 1.8–66.6% | |
| Pig | CM, IFA, PCR | 0.4–55.8% | |
| Horse | CM, PCR | 2.7–37.0% | |
| Europe | Buffalo | ELISA | 14.7% |
| Cattle | CM, ELISA, ICT, IFA, PCR, QLAT | 0.0–71.7% | |
| Goat | CM, ELISA, IFA | 0.0–93.0% | |
| Sheep | CM, IFA, ELISA | 1.4–100% | |
| Pig | CM, IFA, PCR | 0.1–40.9% | |
| Horse | CM, ELISA, IFA, PCR | 3.4–25.0% | |
| Australia | Buffalo | PCR | 13.1–30.0% |
| Cattle | CM, IFA, PCR | 3.6–73.5% | |
| Goat | PCR | 4.4% | |
| Sheep | PCR | 2.2–81.3% | |
| Pig | CM, PCR | 0.3–22.1% |
* CM, conventional microscopy; IFA, immunofluorescence antibody test; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ICT, immunochromatographic test; QLAT, quantitative latex agglutination; and PCR, polymerase chain reaction. The reported prevalence range was summarized from different research articles.