Table 4.
Recent reported outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis [135].
| Country | Year | No. of Cases | Species/Subtype | Source | No. of Outbreaks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 2017 | 41 | C. hominis IfA12G1 and IaA15R3 | Swimming pool | 3 | [137] |
| 2016 | 1373 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IfA12G1, and C. parvum IIaA17G1R1 and IIaA15G2R1 | Swimming pool and water park | 16 | [137] | |
| 2016 | 10 | C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA18G3R1 | Raw cow milk | 2 | [137,138] | |
| 2015 | 55 | C. hominis IfA12G1 | Swimming pool | 1 | [139] | |
| 2015 | 103 | C. parvum IIaA17G2R2 | Raw milk | 1 | [137] | |
| 2014 | 68 | C. hominis IdA17and IfA12G1 | Swimming pool, water slide, and fountain | 4 | [137] | |
| 2014 | 11 | C. parvum IIaA16G3R1 | Unpasteurized goat milk | 1 | [140] | |
| 2013 | 67 | C. hominis IaA28R4 and IfA12G1, and C. parvum (unknown subtype) | Swimming pool, lake, water park, and fountain | 6 | [137] | |
| 2013 | 172 | C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 and C. parvum (unknown subtype) | Drinking water | 3 | [137] | |
| 2013 | 21 | C. parvum IIaA17G2R1 and C. hominis (unknown subtype) | Unknown | 3 | [137] | |
| 2012 | 182 | C. hominis IbA10G2, and C. parvum IIaA16G3R1, IIaA15G2R1, and IIaA16G2R2 | Lake, fountain, water park, and swimming pool | 9 | [137] | |
| 2011 | 44 | C. hominis IaA15R3 and IaA28R4 | Water park and swimming pool | 2 | [137] | |
| 2010 | 162 | C. hominis IaA24R4, IaA28R4, IbA10G2 and IdA15G1 | Splashpad, lake, water park, and swimming pool | 4 | [137] | |
| UK | 2017 | 43 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IbA12G3 | Swimming pool | 2 | [141] |
| 2016 | 111 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IdA16, and C. parvum (unknown subtype) | Swimming pool | 10 | [141] | |
| 2015 | 83 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IaA14R3, and C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA26G1R1 | Swimming pool and hydrotherapy pool | 11 | [141] | |
| 2015 | 424 | C. parvum IIdA24G1 | Salad | 1 | [135] | |
| 2014 | 109 | C. hominis IaA14R3, IaA20R3, IbA10G2 and IdA25, and C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 and IIdA17G1 | Swimming pool and hydrotherapy pool | 11 | [141] | |
| 2014 | 12 | C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 | Drinking water | 1 | [141] | |
| 2013 | 94 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IA14R3 | Swimming pool and paddling pool | 5 | [141] | |
| 2013 | 23 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and IdA18 | Public drinking water supply | 1 | [141] | |
| 2013 | 11 | C. parvum IIaA15G1R1 | Unpasteurization dairy milk | [141] | ||
| 2012 | 176 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and C. hominis (unknown subtype) | Swimming pool and hydrotherapy pool | 10 | [141] | |
| 2012 | 648 | C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 | Pre-cut mixed salad leaves | 1 | [142] | |
| 2011 | 21 | C. hominis IbA10G2 and C. hominis (unknown subtype) | Swimming pool | 1 | [141] | |
| 2010 | 78 | C. hominis (unknown subtype) | Swimming pool | 2 | [143,144] | |
| Sweden | 2019 | 122 | C. parvum IIdA22G1c | Spinach in vegetable juice | 1 | [145] |
| 2011 | 872 + 730 | C. hominis | Public drinking water source | 2 | [146] | |
| 2010 | 27,000 | C. hominis IbA10G2 | Public drinking water source | 1 | [147] | |
| 2010 | 16 + 89 | C. parvum IIdA20G1e and C. parvum IIdA24G1 | Salad garnish on chanterelle sauce | 2 | [148] | |
| French Guiana | 2014 | 12 | C. hominis IbA9G2, IbA10G2, IbA15G1 | Playing and bathing in a river | 1 | [149] |
| Germany | 2013 | 167 | C. hominis IbA9G2 | Playing and bathing in a river | 1 | [150] |
| Ireland | 2012 | 12 | C. parvum IIaA20G3R1 | Public drinking water supply | 1 | [151] |
| Norway | 2018 | 6 | C. parvum IIaA14G1R1 | Apple juice | 1 | [152] |
| 2012 | 145 | C. parvum IIaA19G1R1 | Goat kids and lambs | 1 | [153] | |
| Finland | 2012 | >250 | C. parvum IIdA17G1 | Salad | 5 | [154] |
| South Korea | 2012 | 126 | C. parvum (unknown subtype) | Tap water from the underground water tank | 1 | [155] |
| Australia | 2012 | 18 | C. hominis IbA10G2 | Swimming pool | 1 | [156] |
| Canada | 2010 | 12 | C. hominis (unknown subtype) | Recreational water park | 1 | [3] |