Table 1.

Nanoencapsulated essential oils and their biotechnological potential.

Essential Oil				Nanoencapsulation					Biotechnological Potential
Species	Common Name	Plant Part a	Main Chemical Compounds	Encapsulation Method	Polymer Carrier	Nanoproduct Obtained	Biological ACTIVITY	Application	Industry	Nº
Piper nigrum	Black pepper	-	β-caryophyllene (28%); limonene (15%); sabinene (11.4%); β-pinene (11%)	Complex Coacervation	Gelatin and sodium alginate	Nanocapsules	-	-	Food	[13]
Aniba rosaeodora	Rosewood	Leaves	linalool (81.46%); α-terpineol (7.4%); linalool oxide (1.56%)	Ionic gelidificaton- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Fruit coating	Food	[47]
Cymbopogon citratus	Lemongrass	Leaves	citral (67.4%); neral (25.6%); geranial (41.8%); β-myrcene (18.1%)	Nano- Precipitation	poly(lactic acid)-PLA	Nanocapsules	Antifungal	Fruit coating	Food	[48]
Pimpinella anisum	Aniseed	Fruits	anethole (51.02%); estragole (24.75%); fenchone (13.22%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food Preservative	Food	[49]
Cymbopogon nardus	Citronella grass	-	citral (62.73%); geranyl acetate (9.53%); geraniol (4.52%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food Preservative	Food	[52]
Illicium verum	Star anise	Fruit	anethole (89.12%); estragole (4.85%)	Nano- Precipitation	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food Preservative	Food	[53]
Thymus capitatus	Conehead thyme	Aerial parts	carvacrol (76.1%); y-terpinene (6.7%); β-caryophyllene (2.7%)	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antibacterial	Food preservative	Food	[54]
Kaempferia galanga	Sand ginger	Rhizomes	ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (59.4%); trans-methyl cinnamate (17.1%); pentadecane (6.9%)	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antifungal	Food preservative	Food	[55]
Cinnamomum tamala	Indian bay leaf	Fruits	linalool (82.64%); caryophyllene oxide (3.1%); terpinen-4-ol (2.88%)	Ionic Gelidification	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antifungal, anti- Aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[56]
Foeniculum vulgare	Common fennel	Fruits	anethole (73.27%). fenchone (6.84%); D-limonene (4.39%)	Nano- Precipitation	Chitosan- cinnamic acid	Nanogéis	Antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[57]
Coriandrum sativum	Coriander	Dried seeds	linalool (65.18%); geranyl acetate (12.06%); α-pinene (4.76%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[58]
Eugenia caryophyllata	Cloves	Ground aerial part	eugenol (77.2%); eugenyl acetate (8.31%); β-caryophyllene (7.19%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antifungal	Food preservative	Food	[59]
Eugenia caryophyllata	Cloves	Flower buds	eugenol (73.6%); caryophyllene (9.67%); oleic acid (2.03%)	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan	Nanogels	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	-	Food	[61]
Citrus aurantium	Seville orange	Bark		Nano- precipitation	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant	Food preservative	Food	[93]
Melaleuca cajuputi	Cajuput	Leaves	α-pinene (49.24%); bornyl acetate (21.07%); camphor (11.70%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant	Food preservative	Food	[94]
Eryngium campestre	Watling Street thistle	Leaves and roots	β-sesquiphellandrene (16.44%); isophytol (12.27%); stigmasterol (10.11%)	Ionic gelidification	Nanochitosan	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant	Food preservative	Food	[95]
Myristica fragrans	Mace	Dried seeds	myristicin (39.43%); methyleugenol (8.15%); safrole (6.26%)	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan- cinnamic acid	Nanogels	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[96]
Petroselinum crispum	Parsley	Leaves	carvacrol (48.45%); D-limonene (20.80%); cuminaldehyde (15.78%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[98]
Ocimum basilicum	Basil	-	eugenol (48.32%); caryophyllene (26.26%); methyl ester (5.78%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antibacterial, Antibiofilm	Food preservative	Food	[99]
Thymus vulgaris Cymbopogon citratus Cinnamomum spp. Mentha × piperita Eugenia caryophyllata	Thyme, lemongrass, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Cloves	-	Thyme: thymol (21.69%); p-cymene (21.31%); γ-terpinene (13.87%). Lemongrass: β-citral (31.33%); α-citral (14.65%). Cinnamon: eugenol (37.13%); caryophyllene (9.87%). Peppermint: menthol (29.4%); l-menthone (17.97%). Cloves: eugenol (34.42%%); eugenol acetate (24.53%%); caryophyllene (21.30%%).	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antifungal, mycotoxin inhibitor	Food preservative	Food	[100]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Thymus vulgaris Syzygium aromaticum	Cinnamon, Thyme, Cloves	-	-	Oil in water emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antimicrobial	Food preservative	Food	[101]
Origanum compactum Thymus vulgaris Melaleuca alternifolia Mentha × piperita	Compact oregano, Thyme, Tea tree, Peppermint	-	Oregano: carvacrol (46.37%); thymol (13.70%); p-cymene (13.33%). Thyme: thymol (26.04%); p-cymene (26.36%); y-terpinene (16.69%). Tea tree: terpinen-4-ol (38.4%); γ-terpinene (22.6%). Peppermint: menthol (33.38%); menthone (34.31%)	Nanoemulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antifungal	Food storage	Food	[102]
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	-	-	Nanoemulsion	Carnauba wax, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose	Nanoemulsions	-	Food preservative	Food	[112]
Salvia rosmarinus	Rosemary	-	-	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	-	-	Food	[113]
Origanum majorana	Sweet marjorum	-	terpinen-4-ol (28.92%); α-terpineol (16.75%); linalool (11.07%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant, antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic	-	Food	[114]
Myristica fragrans	Nutmeg	Seeds	elemicin (27.08%); myristicin (21.29%); thujanol (18.55%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanoemulsions	Antifungal, anti- Aflatoxigenic	Food preservative	Food	[115]
Pelargonium graveolens	Rose- scented geranium	Aerial parts	citronelil (19.1%); menthone (16.7%); linalool (15.1%); isomenthone (12.2%)	Oil in water emulsion	Chitosan	Nanogels	Antifungal, anti Aflatoxigenic	-	Food	[116]
Toddalia asiatica	Orange climber	Leaves	caryophyllene oxide (24.4%); 1.3-hexadiene, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl (24.08%); 1,4,7-cycloundecatriene,1,5,9,9- tetramethyl-Z,Z,Z (9.46%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antifungal, anti- Aflatoxigenic	-	Food	[117]
Bunium persicum		Seeds	cuminaldehyde (21.23%); sabinene (14.66%); γ-terpinene (12.49%)	Nanoemulsion	Chitosan- cinnamic acid	Nanogels	Antifungal, anti- aflatoxigenic, cytotoxic	Food preservative	Food	[118]
Myrtus communis Mentha pulegium	Common myrtle, Peppermint	Shoots	-	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antimicrobial	Food preservative	Food	[119]
Cinnamomum spp.	Cinnamon	-	-	Nanoemulsion	-	Nano- emulsions	-	-	Food	[120]
Satureja kermanica	Savory	Leaves	thymol (46.54%); carvacrol (30.54%); γ-terpinene (6.58%)	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan- cinnamic acid	Nanogels	Antifungal	-	Food	[121]
Cymbopogon martinii	Palmarosa	Leaves	geraniol (19.06%); geraniol (14.84%); geranyl propionate (12.88%)	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antifungal	Food preservative	Food	[122]
Syzygium sp.	Cloves	-	-	Nanoemulsion	Gelatin, pullulan, inulin	Nanoemulsions	Antibacterial	Food preservative	Food	[123]
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	-	thymol (43.63%); p-cymene (22.86%); bornyl acetate (8.70%)	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antimicrobial	Food preservative	Food	[124]
Origanum vulgare Thymus capitatus	Oregano Thyme	Aerial parts	thymol (43%); γ-terpinene (15%) and p-cymene (14%)	Nano- precipitation	Poly (ε-caprolactone)	Nanocapsules	Antibacterial	-	Pharmaceutical, food	[71]
Origanum glandulosum	Oregano	Aerial parts	carvacrol (26.29%); γ-terpinene (23.43%); thymol (19.52%)	High-speed homogenization, high-pressure homogenization	Sodium alginate	Nanocapsules Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, anticancer	-	Pharmaceutical, food	[80]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Thymus vulgaris Schinus molle	Cinnamon, Thyme, Peruvian peppertree	Leaves	-	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial	-	Pharmaceutical, food	[85]
Aniba canelilla	Preciosa	Leaves and branches	1-nitro-2-phenylethane (86.63%); methyleugenol (12.7%); benzaldehyde (0.663%)	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Anti- Chemotactic	Healing of infected wounds	Pharmaceutical	[46]
Eugenia caryophyllata	Cloves	Flower buttons	eugenol (89.86%); β-caryophyllene (5.40%)	Ionic gelidification– emulsion	Chitosan	Nanoparticles	Antioxidant, antibacterial	Preservative, Medicine	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[60]
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	-	thymol (22.10%); p-cymene (21.31%); carvacrol (13.02%)	High-pressure homogenization		Nanoemulsions	Antifungal	Healing of infected wounds	Pharmaceutical	[75]
Homalomena pineodora	-	Leaves	-	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial	Healing of diabetic ulcers	Pharmaceutical	[76]
Morinda citrifolia	Indian mulberry	Seeds	nordamnacanthal (22.34%); α-copaene (22.96%); α-morenone (20.45%)	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Anticancer	-	Pharmaceutical	[78]
Citrus aurantium Citrus limon Citrus sinensis	Seville orange, Lemon, Sweet orange	-	Seville orange: sabinene (15.6%); ɣ-terpinene (6.0%); linalool (5.6%). Sweet orange: α-pinene (3.5%); sabinene (17%); trans-limonene oxide (3.1%). Lemon: trans-p-2,8- menthadien-1-ol (5.0%); cis-limonene oxide (2.6%); trans-limonene oxide (2.3%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Anticancer	-	Pharmaceutical	[79]
Origanum vulgare Thymus capitatos	Oregano Thyme	Aerial part	-	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial	Medicine	Pharmaceutical	[81]
Cinnamomum spp.	Cinnamon	Bark	-	Liposomes, lipid nanoparticles	Sodium alginate	Hybrid composite nanoparticles	Antimicrobial	Medicine	Pharmaceutical	[82]
Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Citrofortunella microcarpa	Lime, Makrut lime Calamondin	-	-	Spontaneous emulsification	-	Nanoemulsions	Antibacterial	Medicine	Pharmaceutical	[83]
Poiretia latifolia	Erva de touro	Leaves	trans-dihydrocarvone (15.3–51.2%); carvone (12.3–39.0%); limonene (13.9–29.4%)	Phase inversion	Soy lecithin	Lipossomes, Nanoemulsions	Antifungal, anti- Inflammatory, antioxidant	-	Pharmaceutical	[84]
Eugenia caryophyllata	Cloves	Aerial parts	-	High shear homogenization and ultrasound	-	Nanoemulsions	Antimicrobial	-	Pharmaceutical	[86]
Cymbopogon commutatus	Lemongrass	Whole plant	geranial (38.6%); neral (30.3%); geranyl acetate (8.2%)	Ionic gelidification- emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial	-	Pharmaceutical	[87]
Mentha pulegium	Pennyroyal	-	pulegone (72.18%); piperitenone (24.04%); chrysanthenol (0.90%)	Hot melt homogenization	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)	Nanogels	Antimicrobial	Healing of infected wounds	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[50]
Mentha × piperita	Peppermint	Leaves	menthol (39.80%); menthone (19.55%); neomenthol (8.82%)	Nanoemulsion	Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and xanthan gum	Nanogels	Antimicrobial	Healing of infected wounds	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[74]
Cynometra cauliflora	Nam Nam	Leaves, branches, fruits	-	Ionic Gelidification– emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic		Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[77]
Cedrus deodara	Cedar	Sawdust	α-cedarene (32.72%); β-cedarene (12.26%); thujopsene (24.03%)	Nanoemulsion	Modified starch	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antibacterial	Preservative, Medicine	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[89]
Thymus vulgaris Melissa officinalis	Thyme, Lemon balm, Black caraway	-	-	Phase inversion	Sunflower oil	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antibacterial	-	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[90]
Mentha × piperita Camellia sinensis	Peppermint, Green tea	-	-	Nano- precipitation	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Antimicrobial, antioxidant	-	Pharmaceutical, cosmetic	[91]
Syzygium aromaticum	Cloves	Flower buds	eugenol (71.92%); β-caryophyllene (22.80%); chavibetol acetate (2.89%)	Intercalation	Bentonite clay and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)	Nano- composites	Cytotoxic, Larvicide	-	Pharmaceutical, environmental	[51]
Ocimum basilicum	Basil	Leaves	trans-β-guaiene (16.89%); α-cadinol (15.66%); phytol (11.68%)	Nanoemulsion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant, antibacterial, larvicide	-	Pharmaceutical, environmental	[105]
Satureja hortensis	Summer savory	Aerial parts	carvacrol (35.2%); γ-terpinene (17.6%); thymol (12.1%)	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Acaricide	-	Environmental	[107]
Cymbopogon nardus	Citronella grass	-	-	Ionic gelidification	Chitosan and cellulose	Nanocapsules	Insecticide	Pest control	Environmental	[103]
Mentha × piperita	Peppermint	Dried leaves	l-menthone (32.27%); menthol (23.47%); α-phellandrene (7.71%)	Ionic Gelidification– emulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Insecticide	Pest control	Environmental	[104]
Siparuna guianensis	Negramina	Whole plant	-	Nanoemulsion	Chitosan	Nanocapsules	Larvicide	Pest control	Environmental	[106]
Cannabis sativa	Marijuana	Aerial parts	(E)-caryophyllene (23.1%); α-pinene (15.8%); myrcene (14.5%)	Nano- precipitation	Alfalfa protein	Nanocapsules	Antioxidant	-	Cosmetic, food	[92]
Cymbopogon densiflorus	Lemongrass	Leaves	trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (13.13%); cis-p-mentha-2,8- dien-1-ol (17.29%); trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol (18.99%)	Phase inversion	-	Nanoemulsions	Antioxidant	-	Cosmetic	[125]

^a Part of the plant used in the extraction of the essential oil.