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. 2022 Dec 18;23(24):16160. doi: 10.3390/ijms232416160

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Representative western blot images of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (upper panel) and β-actin (lower panel). (b) Graph of GFAP variation in each experimental group. Data values are the mean ± SE (standard error) after normalization for β-actin, and expressed as fold variation over NCD + Vehicle group. (n = 3–4 per group). HFD = high fat diet; NCD = normocaloric diet; STZ = streptozotocin; Ran = ranolazine; Met = metformin; GFAP= glial fibrillary acidic protein. * p = 0.046 NCD + Vehicle vs. HFD/STZ + Vehicle, ** p = 0.04 HFD/STZ + Metformin vs. HFD/STZ + Vehicle.