Table 1.
Clinical characteristics according to clusters.
| All (n = 8935) |
Cluster 1 (n = 1984) |
Cluster 2 (n = 2135) |
Cluster 3 (n = 357) |
Cluster 4 (n = 335) |
Cluster 5 (n = 1069) |
Cluster 6 (n = 3055) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recipient age (year) | 62.4 ± 9.5 | 57.2 ± 9.9 | 68.0 ± 6.9 | 57.3 ± 11.0 | 51.7 ± 13.7 | 63.3 ± 8.7 | 63.3 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Recipient male sex | 5699 (63.8) | 1213 (61.1) | 1371 (64.2) | 223 (62.5) | 170 (50.8) | 598 (55.9) | 2124 (69.5) | <0.001 |
Recipient race
|
3341 (37.4) 3080 (34.5) 1549 (17.3) 965 (10.8) |
204 (10.3) 1298 (65.4) 308 (15.5) 174 (8.8) |
1554 (72.7) 200 (9.4) 185 (8.7) 196 (9.2) |
163 (45.6) 130 (36.4) 32 (9.0) 32 (9.0) |
85 (25.3) 82 (24.5) 71 (21.2) 97 (28.9) |
510 (47.7) 260 (24.3) 213 (19.9) 86 (8.1) |
825 (27.0) 1110 (36.3) 740 (24.2) 380 (12.5) |
<0.001 |
ABO blood group
|
2846 (31.9) 1374 (15.4) 340 (3.8) 4375 (48.9) |
377 (19.0) 392 (19.8) 61 (3.1) 1154 (58.1) |
903 (42.3) 222 (10.4) 79 (3.7) 931 (43.6) |
112 (31.4) 63 (17.7) 18 (5.0) 164 (45.9) |
87 (26.0) 69 (20.6) 15 (4.5) 164 (48.9) |
381 (35.6) 145 (13.6) 40 (3.7) 503 (47.1) |
986 (32.3) 483 (15.8) 127 (4.2) 1459 (47.7) |
<0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 5.0 | 28.6 ± 5.3 | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 27.4 ± 5.4 | 24.8 ± 4.1 | 28.7 ± 5.0 | 29.6 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Kidney retransplant | 364 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 357 (100) | 7 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
Dialysis duration
|
803 (9.0) 2234 (25.0) 775 (8.7) 5123 (57.3) |
99 (5.0) 315 (15.9) 107 (5.4) 1463 (73.7) |
359 (16.8) 661 (31.0) 253 (11.9) 862 (40.4) |
35 (9.8) 88 (24.7) 36 (10.1) 198 (55.5) |
35 (10.5) 112 (33.4) 39 (11.6) 149 (44.5) |
110 (10.3) 306 (28.6) 111 (10.4) 542 (50.7) |
165 (5.4) 752 (24.6) 229 (7.5) 1909 (62.5) |
<0.001 |
Cause of end-stage kidney disease
|
3623 (40.5) 2525 (28.3) 1104 (12.4) 602 (6.7) 1081 (12.1) |
18 (0.9) 1318 (66.4) 328 (16.5) 164 (8.3) 156 (7.9) |
61 (2.9) 784 (36.7) 489 (22.9) 292 (13.7) 509 (23.8) |
32 (9.0) 61 (17.1) 48 (13.5) 14 (3.9) 202 (56.5) |
80 (23.9) 89 (26.5) 76 (22.7) 30 (9.0) 60 (17.9) |
460 (43.0) 253 (23.7) 139 (13.0) 84 (7.9) 133 (12.4) |
2972 (97.2) 20 (0.7) 24 (0.8) 18 (0.6) 21 (0.7) |
<0.001 |
Comorbidity
|
4484 (50.2) 975 (10.9) 987 (11.1) |
331 (16.7) 123 (6.2) 107 (5.4) |
314 (14.7) 419 (19.6) 148 (6.9) |
116 (32.5) 49 (13.7) 30 (8.4) |
101 (30.2) 32 (9.6) 18 (5.4) |
567 (53.0) 129 (12.1) 119 (11.1) |
3055 (100.0) 223 (7.3) 565 (18.5) |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| PRA (%), median (IQR) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–0) | 48 (0–95) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–17) | 0 (0–0) | <0.001 |
| Positive HCV serostatus | 455 (5.1) | 145 (7.3) | 70 (3.3) | 34 (9.5) | 9 (2.7) | 47 (4.4) | 150 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Positive HBs antigen | 181 (2.0) | 43 (2.2) | 30 (1.4) | 14 (3.9) | 16 (4.8) | 24 (2.3) | 54 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Positive HIV serostatus | 63 (0.7) | 31 (1.6) | 9 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.2) | 5 (0.5) | 14 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Functional status
|
26 (0.3) 3723 (41.7) 5186 (58.0) |
4 (0.2) 859 (43.3) 1121 (56.5) |
6 (0.3) 709 (33.2) 1420 (66.5) |
0 (0.0) 143 (40.1) 214 (59.9) |
2 (0.6) 101 (30.2) 232 (69.2) |
3 (0.3) 429 (40.1) 637 (59.6) |
11 (0.4) 1482 (48.5) 1562 (51.1) |
<0.001 |
| Working income | 1593 (17.8) | 415 (20.9) | 427 (20.0) | 71 (19.9) | 100 (29.8) | 192 (18.0) | 388 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Public insurance | 7320 (81.9) | 1676 (84.5) | 1672 (78.3) | 297 (83.2) | 232 (69.3) | 865 (80.9) | 2578 (84.4) | <0.001 |
| US resident | 8872 (99.3) | 1966 (99.1) | 2127 (99.6) | 356 (99.7) | 323 (96.4) | 1060 (99.2) | 3040 (99.5) | <0.001 |
| Undergraduate education or above | 4400 (49.2) | 863 (43.5) | 1274 (59.7) | 188 (52.7) | 188 (56.1) | 530 (49.6) | 1357 (44.4) | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Kidney donor status
|
1673 (18.7) 7262 (81.3) |
484 (24.4) 1500 (75.6) |
184 (8.6) 1951 (91.4) |
80 (22.4) 277 (77.6) |
335 (100) 0 (0) |
155 (14.5) 914 (85.5) |
435 (14.2) 2620 (85.8) |
<0.001 |
| Donor age (year) | 58.3 ± 13.2 | 58.1 ± 6.6 | 62.6 ± 6.3 | 58.4 ± 8.4 | 0.7 ± 3.1 | 61.1 ± 6.9 | 60.7 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Donor male sex | 4124 (46.2) | 850 (42.8) | 944 (44.2) | 165 (46.2) | 189 (56.4) | 515 (48.2) | 1461 (47.8) | <0.001 |
Donor race
|
4532 (50.7) 2928 (32.7) 987 (11.1) 488 (5.5) |
605 (30.5) 1042 (52.5) 208 (10.5) 129 (6.5) |
1472 (68.9) 367 (17.2) 198 (9.3) 98 (4.6) |
158 (44.3) 139 (38.9) 35 (9.8) 25 (7.0) |
104 (31.0) 191 (57.0) 32 (9.6) 8 (2.4) |
677 (63.3) 206 (19.3) 138 (12.9) 48 (4.5) |
1516 (49.6) 983 (32.2) 376 (12.3) 180 (5.9) |
<0.001 |
| Donor weight (kg) | 79 ± 26 | 82 ± 23 | 82 ± 22 | 81 ± 23 | 9 ± 9 | 81 ± 23 | 83 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| Donor Height (cm) | 163 ± 22 | 167 ± 10 | 167 ± 10 | 167 ± 13 | 67 ± 17 | 167 ± 11 | 168 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Donor hypertension | 6833 (76.5) | 1633 (82.3) | 1648 (77.2) | 287 (80.4) | 6 (1.8) | 837 (78.3) | 2422 (79.3) | <0.001 |
| Donor diabetes | 2416 (27) | 571 (29) | 588 (28) | 93 (26) | 3 (1) | 306 (29) | 855 (28) | <0.001 |
| Donor positive HCV serostatus | 387 (4) | 110 (6) | 71 (3) | 28 (8) | 2 (1) | 45 (4) | 131 (4) | <0.001 |
| Donor cerebrovascular death | 6142 (69) | 1469 (74) | 1489 (70) | 257 (72) | 14 (4) | 744 (70) | 2169 (71) | <0.001 |
| Donor creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0.7 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| KDPI (%) | 91 ± 4 | 91 ± 4 | 91 ± 4 | 90 ± 4 | 89 ± 4 | 91 ± 4 | 91 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Dual kidney transplant | 840 (9.4) | 94 (4.7) | 189 (8.9) | 10 (2.8) | 280 (83.6) | 77 (7.2) | 190 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Total HLA mismatch, median (IQR) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-6) | 5 (4-5) | 4 (3-5) | 5 (4-6) | 3 (2-3) | 5 (4-6) | <0.001 |
| Cold ischemia time (hours) | 20.2 ± 9.0 | 19.6 ± 9.0 | 20.5 ± 9.1 | 20.4 ± 9.1 | 21.7 ± 8.7 | 19.7 ± 8.4 | 20.4 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| Kidney on pump | 5428 (60.8) | 1171 (59.0) | 1400 (65.6) | 206 (57.7) | 143 (42.7) | 623 (58.3) | 1885 (61.7) | <0.001 |
Allocation type
|
5248 (58.7) 2264 (25.3) 1423 (16.0) |
1298 (65.4) 452 (22.8) 234 (11.8) |
1269 (59.4) 531 (24.9) 335 (15.7) |
169 (47.3) 86 (24.1) 102 (28.6) |
86 (25.7) 101 (30.1) 148 (44.2) |
608 (56.9) 261 (24.4) 200 (18.7) |
1818 (59.5) 833 (27.3) 404 (13.2) |
<0.001 |
EBV status
|
23 (0.3) 8197 (91.7) 715 (8.0) |
2 (0.1) 1847 (93.1) 135 (6.8) |
8 (0.4) 1916 (89.7) 211 (9.9) |
0 (0) 327 (91.6) 30 (8.4) |
9 (2.7) 316 (94.3) 10 (3.0) |
1 (0.1) 979 (91.6) 89 (8.3) |
3 (0.1) 2812 (92.0) 240 (7.9) |
<0.001 |
CMV status
|
722 (8.1) 1711 (19.1) 4777 (53.5) 1725 (19.3) |
68 (3.4) 254 (12.8) 1369 (69.0) 293 (14.8) |
270 (12.7) 468 (21.9) 796 (37.3) 601 (28.1) |
28 (7.8) 70 (19.6) 196 (54.9) 63 (17.7) |
25 (7.5) 151 (45.1) 116 (34.6) 43 (12.8) |
109 (10.2) 196 (18.3) 529 (49.5) 235 (22.0) |
222 (7.3) 572 (18.7) 1771 (58.0) 490 (16.0) |
<0.001 |
Induction immunosuppression
|
5021 (56.2) 1382 (15.5) 2080 (23.3) 256 (2.9) 687 (7.7) |
1130 (57.0) 342 (17.2) 386 (19.5) 82 (4.1) 170 (8.6) |
1079 (50.5) 342 (16.0) 622 (29.1) 53 (2.5) 161 (7.5) |
211 (59.1) 57 (16.0) 51 (14.3) 16 (4.5) 34 (9.5) |
268 (80.0) 22 (6.6) 33 (9.8) 10 (3.0) 13 (3.9) |
577 (54.0) 176 (16.5) 258 (24.1) 29 (2.7) 82 (7.7) |
1756 (57.5) 443 (14.5) 730 (23.9) 66 (2.2) 227 (7.4) |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.050 |
Maintenance Immunosuppression
|
7983 (89.3) 115 (1.3) 8185 (91.6) 21 (0.2) 94 (1.1) 5910 (66.1) |
1766 (89.0) 23 (1.2) 1821 (91.8) 1 (0.1) 20 (1.0) 1330 (67.0) |
1896 (88.8) 31 (1.4) 1952 (91.4) 9 (0.4) 31 (1.5) 1341 (62.8) |
312 (87.4) 6 (1.7) 323 (90.5) 2 (0.6) 4 (1.1) 258 (72.3) |
298 (89.0) 4 (1.2) 307 (91.6) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 160 (47.8) |
954 (89.2) 15 (1.4) 962 (90.0) 2 (0.2) 11 (1.0) 736 (68.9) |
2757 (90.2) 36 (1.2) 2820 (92.3) 6 (0.2) 27 (0.9) 2085 (68.3) |
0.419 0.905 0.274 0.155 0.307 <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index, CMV: Cytomegalovirus, D: Donor, EBV: Epstein–Barr virus, ECD: Extended criteria donor, HBs: Hepatitis B surface, HCV: Hepatitis C virus, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, KDPI: Kidney donor profile index, mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PKD: Polycystic kidney disease, PRA: Panel reactive antibody, R: Recipient.