Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and paraclinical parameters of the study population.
| Parameter | All Subjects (n = 90) | Healthy Subjects (n = 46) | Subjects with Cardiovascular Risk Factors (n = 44) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42 [29–50] | 37 [28.5–48.5] | 45.5 [28.75–52.25] | 0.245 |
| Men (%) | 33 (44) | 21 (45.7) | 19 (45.2) | 0.713 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 23 [20–25.5] | 22 [20–23.75] | 25.5 [20–27] | <0.001 |
| Sedentary (%) | 46 (51.1%) | 12 (26.1%) | 34 (77.3%) | 0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70 [65–80] | 70 [65–77.5] | 70 [65.75–78.25] | 0.923 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115 [110–120] | 120 [110–120] | 110 [110–125] | 0.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 60 [55–70] | 67.5 [60–70] | 65 [60–70] | 0.680 |
| Sinus rhythm (%) | 90 (100%) | 46 (100%) | 44 (100%) | 0.989 |
| Biplane LVEF (%) | 58 [55–60] | 58 [55–60] | 57 [55–59] | 0.997 |
| M-mode RV TAPSE (mm) | 21 [18–25] | 21 [19–25] | 21 [19–24] | 0.999 |
| TDI S’ wave velocity (cm/s) | 13 [10–15] | 13 [10–16] | 12 [9–14] | 0.998 |
| E/A ratio | 1.5 [1.1–1.7] | 1.6 [1.1–1.9] | 1.4 [1.1–1.6] | 0.879 |
| Average E/e’ ratio | 6 [4–7] | 5 [4–7] | 6 [4–7] | 0.991 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 16 [15–22] | 17 [14–21] | 19 [17–22] | 0.993 |
Continuous variables are expressed as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are expressed as count and percentage. Abbreviations: A, peak velocity of the pulsed-wave Doppler late diastolic wave at the level of the tips of the mitral valve leaflets; E, peak velocity of the pulsed-wave Doppler early diastolic wave at the level of the tips of the mitral valve leaflets; e’, average tissue Doppler imaging early diastolic wave at the level of the medial and lateral mitral annulus; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; S’, tissue Doppler imaging peak systolic wave at the level of the lateral tricuspid annulus; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.