Table 1.
Therapeutic potential of hops and related pure compounds.
| Therapeutic Properties | Biological Target | Bioactive/Dosage Form | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral | DNA; RNA viruses | crude extract, humulone, XN 1 | [2,3,4,5] |
| Antibacterial | Gram+; Gram−; anaerobic bacteria | bitter acids, iso-α-acids, XN 1, hydroalcoholic extract | [2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] |
| Antifungal | Candida, Fusarium; Trichophyton; Rhizoctonia solani; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Botrytis cinerea; Magnaporthe oryzae | ethanolic extract, IX 2, 8-PN 3, essential oil nano emulsion, crude extract, essential oil | [2,8,16,17,18,19] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Toll-like receptor 4; NF-kB signaling IL-1b; IL-6; IL-8; TNF expression |
humulone, lupulone, XN 1, tetrahydro-iso-α-acids, bitter acids | [15,20,21,22,23] |
| Antioxidant | ROS; RNS; lipid peroxidation | crude extract, bitter acids | [24,25,26] |
| Sedative and neuroprotective | GABAA receptors; b-amyloid phagocytosis; dopamine levels; vagal activation; noradrenaline levels | 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, bitter acids, 8-PN 3, 6-PN 4, IX 2, iso-α-acids, matured hop bitter acids | [1,6,20,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] |
| Anticancerogenic | ERK1/2, AP-1, NF-kB, prostaglandin E2, NK cells, NKp44 receptor, JNK, ROS levels, cytochrome P450 enzymes, Akt, MAPK/ERK, CD44v6, aromatase expression, Keap1-Nrf2 | Humulone, hexahydrocolupolone, bitter acids, rho-iso-acids, humulinones, XN, 6-PN, IX | [6,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51] |
| Estrogenic | ERa, AHR receptor, CYP1A1 | 8-PN, 6-PN, crude extract | [52,53,54,55,56] |
1 XN: xanthohumol; 2 IX: isoxanthohumol; 3 8-PN: 8-prenyl naringenin, 4 6-PN: 6-prenylnaringenin.