Table 3.

Association between serum zinc concentration and TLR-stimulated cytokine responses in children at ages 3 and 5 years.

	Univariate Analysis				Multivariate Analysis
	3 y (95% CI)	p	5 y (95% CI)	p	3 y (95% CI)	p	5 y (95% CI)	p
TLR1–2
TNF-α	0.002 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.82	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)	<0.01	0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	0.23	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)	0.01
IL-6	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.004)	<0.01	−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.82	−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)	<0.01	−0.002 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.68
IL-10	−0.02 (−0.03, 0.00)	0.05	−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.53	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01)	0.01	−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.91
TLR3
TNF-α	0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)	0.18	−0.002 (−0.03, 0.03)	0.89	0.02 (−0.02, 0.06)	0.37	−0.003 (−0.04, 0.03)	0.84
IL-6	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.02)	0.61	0.01 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.52	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)	0.49	0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	0.49
IL-10	0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	0.47	−0.01 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.51	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.02)	0.68	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)	0.42
TLR4
TNF-α	0.002 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.65	−0.01 (−0.01, −0.002)	0.01	0.002 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.65	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.004)	<0.01
IL-6	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)	<0.01	0.00 (−0.002, 0.002)	0.74	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)	<0.01	−0.001 (−0.003, 0.002)	0.52
IL-10	−0.01 (−0.02, 0.006)	0.29	−0.01 (−0.02, 0.003)	0.17	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.006)	0.18	−0.005 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.38
TLR7–8
TNF-α	0.01 (−0.01, 0.004)	0.30	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.001)	0.03	0.007 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.27	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.003)	0.01
IL-6	−0.01 (−0.01, −0.004)	<0.01	−0.001 (−0.01, 0.003)	0.71	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.006)	<0.01	−0.002 (−0.01, 0.003)	0.46
IL-10	−0.02 (−0.03, −0.001)	0.04	−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.48	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01)	0.01	−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01)	0.58

¹ Adjusted for gestational age, gender, birth body weight, mode of delivery, maternal allergy, age of solid food introduction, and breastmilk duration. Abbrev: IL: interleukin; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; y: years. ² Only participants with both zinc and cytokine data at the specific age period were included in the analysis: (1 y, n = 197; 3 y, n = 234; 5 y, n = 220).