Table 4.

In Vitro tested SLN-based TKI formulations.

TKI	Ingredients	Particle Size	Tested Human Cancer Cell Lines	Benefits	Refs.
brigatinib	stearic acid, soya lecithin	176–787 nm	lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	sustained release ↑ anticancer effect	[171]
gefitinib	Pluronic® F127, lecithin, polyethylene glycol 2000, stearic acid, cholesterol, glucosamine	ca. 187 nm	lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	↑ anticancer effect	[172]
erlotinib	Pluronic® F68, Transcutol®-P, glycerol monostearate	300–800 nm	lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	sustained release ↑ anticancer effect	[173]
erlotinib	Compritol® ATO 888, Tween® 80, Pluronic® 407	<100 nm	lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	↑ anticancer effect	[174]
erlotinib	1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(poly- ethylene glycol)-2000], hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine, polycaprolactone	ca. 170 nm	lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	sustained release ↑ anticancer effect	[175]
erlotinib+ paclitaxel	Pluronic® 188, methoxy- poly(ethylene glycol)-b- poly(L-aspartic acid sodium, soya lecithin, glyceryl monostearate, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide	ca. 195 nm	lung adenocarcinoma NCI-H23 cells	pH-dependent and sustained release induction of apoptosis ↑ anticancer effect	[176]
imatinib	glyceryl palmitostearate, quillaja saponin, hyaluronic acid	ca. 92 nm	MCF-7 breast cancer cells	sustained release CD44 targeting ↑ cellular uptake ↑ anticancer effect	[177]
sorafenib	1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(poly- ethylene glycol)-2000], folic acid, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate	ca. 178 nm	hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells	sustained release induction of apoptosis ↑ anticancer effect	[178]
sorafenib	thymidine 3′-(1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphate), 2′,3′-dioleyl- 5′-deoxy-5′-trimethyl-ammonium-uridine	ca. 200 nm	hepatocarcinoma HuH7, HepG2 cells breast cancer MDA-MB-134, T-47D cells	↑ anticancer effect	[179]
sorafenib	poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(poly- ethylene glycol)-2000], lecithin	ca. 190 nm	breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells prostate cancer PC3-MM2 cells	sustained release long-term stability ↑ anticancer effect	[180]
sorafenib + MK-siRNA	1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide- (polyethylene glycol)-2000], cholesterol, polyethylenimine, 1-methyl-4,4-bis[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadien-1-yloxy] piperidine, egg phosphatidylcoline, SP94 targeting peptide	140–160 nm	HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells	specific delivery targeting ↑ drug accumulation ↑ anticancer effect	[181]
sorafenib + selumetinib	1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000], poly(D,L-lactic-co- glycolic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, cholesterol, N-acetylgalactos- amine	ca. 170 nm	hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, Hep3B cells glioblastoma DBTRG-05MG cells	induction of apoptosis ↑ anticancer effect	[182]
sorafenib + paclitaxel	distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol, (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy- (poly(ethylene glycol)-2000], cetyl palmitate, Pluronic® F68, polyvinyl alcohol	ca. 200 nm	human glioblastoma U87-MG cells lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells	↑ drug accumulation ↑ cellular uptake avoided drug efflux pumps ↑ anticancer effect	[183]
sorafenib + iron oxide	cetyl palmitate, Tween® 80, EMG1300 (iron oxide with surfactant)	ca. 420 nm	HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells	magnetically driven accumulation ↑ drug accumulation ↑ cellular uptake ↑ anticancer effect	[184]
sunitinib	Roghan Kermanshahi Ghee oil, fat tail sheep, dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt, chitosan, gum tragacanth	110–156 nm	acute myeloid leukemia THP-1 cells	sustained release ↑ anticancer effect	[185]
sunitinib	Phospholipon® 90H, soya lecithin, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan	ca. 439 nm	MCF-7 breast cancer cells	induction of apoptosis ↑ anticancer effect	[186]
afatinib	(1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy- (poly(ethylene glycol)-2000], poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy- (polyethylene glycol)-2000], lecithin	147–183 nm	colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells	↑ targeting pH-sensitive penetration ↑ cellular uptake ↑ anticancer effect	[187]
afatinib	1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(poly- ethylene glycol)-2000], 1,2-di- stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho- ethanolamine-N-[methoxy(poly- ethylene glycol)-2000], lecithin, tight junction-modulating short peptides FD7/CCD	ca. 66 nm	lung adenocarcinoma PC9 cells	tight junctions perturbation blood-brain barrier permeation sustained release ↑ targeting ↑ anticancer effect	[188]
afatinib + cisplatin	1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-gly- cero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)- 2000], poly(DL-lactide- co-glycolide)	ca. 138 nm	nasopharyngeal carcinoma HONE1cells	reduced cell viability induction of apoptosis synergistic efficacy ↑ anticancer effect	[189]