Table 1.
Carcinogenic roles of lipid in glioma.
| Research | Diagnosis | Experimental Model | Sample Type | Analytical Platform | Lipid Species | Physiological Effect on Glioma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatty Acyls (FA) | ||||||
| [20] | GBM | Human | Serum | GC-TOFMS | ↑ Butyric acid (C4) | Provide substrate for glutamate metabolism |
| [21] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | GCMS | ↑ Octanoic acid (C8) | Activated ketone body metabolism for glioma cell survival |
| [21] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | GCMS | ↑ Decanoic acid (C10) | Stimulate fatty acyl production |
| [22] | GBM | Human | Tissue | GC-TOFMS | ↓ Lauric acid (C12) | Tumour malignancy |
| [23] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | HPLC, Spectrophotometric |
↑ Palmitic acid (C16) | Enhanced glioma cell proliferation |
| [20] | GBM | Human | Serum | GC-TOFMS | ↑ Stearic acid (C18:0) | Provide substrate for glutamate metabolism |
| [24,25,26] | Oligodendroglioma Astrocytoma GBM, glioma |
Cell line | Tissue | Raman spectroscopy MS |
↑ Oleic acid (C18:1) | Cellular apoptosis, Enhance proliferation of GBM cells |
| [20] | GBM | Human | Serum | GC-TOFMS | ↑ Linolenic acid (C18:3) | Provide substrate for glutamate metabolism |
| [20] | GBM | Human | Serum | GC-TOFMS | ↑ AA (C20:4) | Provide substrate for glutamate metabolism |
| [27] | GBM | Human | Serum | MS | ↓ VLCDCA | Anti-inflammatory and has chemopreventative properties |
| [28] | Glioma (Grade II, III), GBM | Human | Serum | LCMS/MS | ↑ Stearoylcarnitine (C18), margaroylcarnitine, Eicosenoylcarnitine (C20:1) |
Supply substrate for the activation of fatty acyl metabolism |
| [29] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | HPLC-MS/MS | ↑ PGD2 | Support glioma growth and invasion |
| [30] [31] |
Glioma GBM |
Cell line Human & animal |
Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ PGE2 | Protect glioma cells against radiation treatment. Escalate self-renewal capacity and resistance to radiation-induced DNA damage |
| Glycerolipid (GL) | ||||||
| [32] | LGG, HGG | Human | Tissue | LCMS | ↑ 2-AG | Inhibit cell apoptosis, support cell proliferation and survival |
| [33] | Grade III | Human | CSF | MS/MS | ↑ DG | Malignant transformation |
| [21,34] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | GCMS | ↓ DG (DG34:0, DG34:1, DG36:1, DG38:4, DG38:6, DG40:6) |
Influence carcinogenesis signaling and inflammatory reaction in GBM |
| [35,36] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | Microscopy | ↓ TG, LD | Mitochondria hydrolyzed lipid droplets and utilized triglycerides for energy production |
| [37] | Medulloblastoma | Human | Tissue | Raman Imaging | ↑ TG | Tumour development |
| Glycerophospholipid (GP) | ||||||
| [38,39] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | Biochemical assay, UPLC-MS/MS | ↑ PA | Lipid signaling of autophagy and cell survival in glioma |
| [37,40] | GBM, glioma | Animal, human | Tissue | MALDI-IMS ESI-MS/MS, Raman imaging | ↓ PA (PA36:2, PA42:5, PA42.7) ↓ DHA |
Influence carcinogenesis signaling and inflammatory reaction in GBM |
| [41] | IDHwt glioma | Cell culture | Tissue | NMR | ↑ PC | Increase cell turnover and tumour growth |
| [34,42,43,44,45,46,47] [28,48,49,50,51,52] |
GBM Astrocytoma, GBM |
Cell line Human |
Tissue Tissue, Serum |
NMR LCMS |
↑ PC ↑ PC PC14:2 |
Malignant progression and aggressiveness in GBM |
| [26,34,48] [33] |
Glioma Grade III |
Human | Tissue CSF |
Swab TS-MS, LCMS MS/MS |
↑ PI, PG | Enhanced tumour infiltration |
| [34,53] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | MSI, LCMS | ↑ PE | Enhanced tumour growth |
| [41] | IDHwt glioma | Cell line | Tissue | NMR | ↑ PE | Increase cell turnover and tumour growth |
| [54] | GBM | Animal | Tissue | MRI | ↓ LPA | Support cell proliferation through the disassembling of primary cilia |
| [55,56] | Glioma Grade II, III GBM GBM |
Human Cell line |
Tissue | GCMS. LCMS | ↓ LPC, LPE | Provide substrates to mitochondria to generate energy |
| Sphingolipid (SP) | ||||||
| [57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ S1P | Resistant to chemo-therapeutic treatment and sustain the growth of glioma cells. Induced cell angiogenesis |
| [66,67] [33] |
GBM Grade III |
Cell line Human |
Tissue CSF |
Biochemical assay MS/MS |
↑ S1P, ↑ Cer, ↑ SM | GBM cell proliferation |
| [68] | Oligodendroglioma | Cell line | Tissue | LCMS | ↑ NDMS, ↑ Sphingosine-C18, ↑ Sphingosine C17, ↑ Sphinganine C17 |
Signaling roles for proliferation and survival |
| [28,69] | Glioma Grade II-III and GBM | Human | Serum Tissue |
LCMS/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS |
↑ SM (d16:1/23:0, d17:1/18:0, d18:1/17:0, d18:0/15:0, d18:1/16:0, d18:0/17:0, d19:1/16:0) | Involved in the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism and malignancy of glioma, glioma cell senescence and apoptosis |
| [33] | Grade III | Human | CSF | HPLC/MS | ↑ N-Lignoceroylsphingosine | Involved in lipid signaling and apoptosis |
| [70] | GBM | Human | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ OAcGD2 | Increase tumour density and involvement in immunoresistance |
| [71] | Diffuse midline glioma | Cell line | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ GD2 | Enhanced metastasis |
| [72,73,74] | GBM, anaplastic oligodendroglioma | Animal | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ GD3 | Involved in cell transformation and malignancy |
| [75] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ GM2 | Enhanced cell migration |
| [76] | Glioma, Medulloblastoma | Animal | Tissue | MALDI-IMS | ↑ GM3 | Induced malignancy, invasiveness and progression of tumour |
| Sterol Lipid (ST) | ||||||
| [77] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | Biochemical assay | ↑ CE | Tumour progression and malignant |
| [33] | Grade III | Human | CSF | HPLC/MS | ↑ 1-Oleyl-cholesterol | Enhance tumour growth |
| [33] | Grade III | Human | CSF | HPLC/MS | ↑ Tetrahydrocorticosterone | Enhanced metastasis |
| [78,79] | GBM | Cell line | Tissue | GCMS Biochemical assay |
↑ 24S-OHC | Induced tumour growth by regulating proinflammatory immune cells. nduced pathogenesis of tumour cells |
| [80] | GBM | Human | Serum | Biochemical assay | LDL | Support proliferation and growth of glioma |
↑ denotes increased levels and ↓ denotes decreased levels. AA arachidonic acid; CE cholesterol ester; Cer ceramide; DG diacylglycerol; DHA docosahex-aenoic acid; GBM glioblastoma; GC-TOFMS gas chromatography-time of flight- mass spectrom-etry; GCMS gas chromatography mass spectrometry; GD2 disialoganglioside; GD3 ganglioside GD3; GM2 ganglioside M2; GM3 ganglioside GM3; HGG high grade glioma; HPLC high per-formance liquid chromatography; HPLC/MS high performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS/MS high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spec-trometry; IDHwt isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype; LCMS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; LCMS/MS liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; LD lipid droplet, LDL low density lipoprotein; LGG low grade glioma; LPA lysophosphatidic acid; LPC lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE lysophosphatidylethanolamine; MALDI-IMS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—imaging mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF-MS matrix-assisted laser de-sorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MS mass spectrometry; MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; NMR nuclear magnetic resonance; OAcGD2 O-Acetyl-ganglioside 2; PA phosphatidic acid; PC phosphatidylcholine; PE phosphati-dylethanolamine; PG phosphatidylglycerol; PGD2 prostaglandin D2; PGE2 prostaglandin E2; PI phosphatidylinositol; S1P sphingosine-1-phosphate; SM sphingomyelin; Swab TS-MS swab by using touch spray-mass spectrometry; TG triacylglycerol; VLCDCA Very long chain dicarbox-ylic acids; 2-AG 2-arachidonoylglycerol; 24S-OHC 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol.