Table 1.
Examples of key PAMPs and DAMPs in sepsis pathophysiology.
| Origin | PRR | |
|---|---|---|
| PAMPs | ||
| (Diacyl/triacyl) lipopetides | Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria | TLR1,TLR2,TLR6 |
| LTA | Gram-positive bacteria | TLR2 |
| Peptidoglycan | Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria | TLR2 |
| dsRNA | Double-stranded RNA virus | TLR3, RIG-1 |
| LPS | Gram-negative bacteria | TLR4 |
| Flagellin | Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria | TLR5 |
| ssRNA | Singe-stranded RNA virus | TLR7, TLR8 |
| CpG DNA | Bacteria | TLR9 |
| DAMPs | ||
| HMGB-1 | Nucleus, autophagosome | TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, RAGE |
| Histone | Nucleus | TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3 |
| dsDNA | Cytosol | RIG-1, MDA5, STING |
| S100A8/A9 | Cytosol | TLR4, RAGE |
| Heat shock proteins | Cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus | TLR2, TLR4, CLR LOX-1 |
| Heparan sulfate | Extracellular matrix component | TLR4 |
| Tenascin-C | Extracellular matrix component | TLR4 |
| Oxidized LPL | Triglycerides | TLR4 |
Abbreviations: CLR: C-type lectin receptors; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; HMGB1: high-mobility group protein B1; LOX-1: low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; LTA: lipoteichoic acid; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MDA5: melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; RIG-I: retinoic acid-inducible gene I; STING: stimulator of interferon genes.
Of note, only bacterial PAMPs are listed and only the primary PRRs of the indicated PAMPs or DAMPs.