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Ca2+-CaM kinases downstream of calmodulin. Binding of calcium to calmodulin leads to activation of the Ca2+-CaM-dependent kinase cascade, consisting of CaMKK1 and CaMKK2, CaMKI, and CaMKIV, as well as activation of CaMKII. The activation of CaMKKs regulates crucial cellular functions. Calcium calmodulin mediates downstream signalling of CaMKI, CaMKIV, AMPK, Akt, and mTOR.
