Table II.
Risk ratios for patients with severe open tibial fracture who did or did not receive debridement within 12 hours of presentation at hospital during 2012 to 2019, as recorded in the Trauma Audit and Research Network.
| Univariate models | Multivariate model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N (%) | RR | 95% CI | p-value | RR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Total | 4,504 (100) | ||||||
| Type of hospital | |||||||
| MTC | 3,422 (76) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Other hospital | 1,082 (24) | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.04 | 0.372 | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.11 | 0.647 |
| Day of presentation | |||||||
| Monday | 608 (13) | 1.00 | |||||
| Tuesday | 653 (14) | 1.00 | 0.88 to 1.13 | 0.954 | |||
| Wednesday | 585 (13) | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.18 | 0.522 | |||
| Thursday | 643 (14) | 0.98 | 0.87 to 1.11 | 0.799 | |||
| Friday | 637 (14) | 1.00 | 0.88 to 1.13 | 0.997 | |||
| Saturday | 699 (16) | 1.06 | 0.94 to 1.19 | 0.341 | |||
| Sunday | 679 (15) | 1.07 | 0.95 to 1.20 | 0.283 | |||
| Time of presentation | |||||||
| 00:00-07:59 | 705 (16) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 08:00-15:59 | 1,749 (39) | 1.11 | 1.03 to 1.20 | 0.009 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.20 | 0.011 |
| 16:00-23:59 | 2,050 (46) | 0.58 | 0.53 to 0.64 | < 0.001 | 0.56 | 0.51 to 0.62 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2,991 (66) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 1,513 (34) | 0.87 | 0.81 to 0.93 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.92 to 1.07 | 0.810 |
| Age, yrs | |||||||
| 0 to 9 | 100 (2) | 1.05 | 0.87 to 1.28 | 0.610 | 1.25 | 1.03 to 1.51 | 0.020 |
| 10 to 19 | 369 (8) | 0.98 | 0.86 to 1.10 | 0.702 | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.17 | 0.555 |
| 20 to 29 | 778 (17) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 30 to 39 | 648 (14) | 0.87 | 0.78 to 0.97 | 0.012 | 0.83 | 0.75 to 0.92 | 0.001 |
| 40 to 49 | 646 (14) | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.06 | 0.393 | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.98 | 0.020 |
| 50 to 59 | 620 (14) | 0.90 | 0.81 to 1.00 | 0.062 | 0.88 | 0.79 to 0.97 | 0.013 |
| 60 to 69 | 475 (11) | 0.71 | 0.62 to 0.81 | < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.63 to 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| 70 to 79 | 381 (8) | 0.86 | 0.75 to 0.98 | 0.024 | 0.87 | 0.76 to 0.99 | 0.039 |
| 80 to 89 | 338 (8) | 0.77 | 0.67 to 0.90 | 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.71 to 0.96 | 0.014 |
| 90 and over | 149 (3) | 0.59 | 0.46 to 0.76 | < 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.51 to 0.85 | 0.001 |
| Year of presentation | |||||||
| 2012 | 785 (17) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2013 | 641 (14) | 1.12 | 1.01 to 1.25 | 0.033 | 1.13 | 1.02 to 1.25 | 0.018 |
| 2014 | 516 (11) | 1.04 | 0.93 to 1.17 | 0.502 | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.15 | 0.681 |
| 2015 | 528 (12) | 1.02 | 0.91 to 1.15 | 0.728 | 1.00 | 0.89 to 1.12 | 0.988 |
| 2016 | 447 (10) | 0.98 | 0.87 to 1.11 | 0.764 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.08 | 0.485 |
| 2017 | 534 (12) | 0.96 | 0.85 to 1.08 | 0.519 | 0.95 | 0.84 to 1.07 | 0.369 |
| 2018 | 545 (12) | 0.81 | 0.71 to 0.92 | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.70 to 0.91 | 0.001 |
| 2019 | 508 (11) | 0.82 | 0.72 to 0.94 | 0.003 | 0.82 | 0.72 to 0.94 | 0.004 |
| ISS (continuous) | 4,504 (100) | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.01 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.341 |
| Injury mechanism | |||||||
| Vehicle incident/collision | 2,362 (52) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fall less than 2 m | 1,351 (30) | 0.75 | 0.69 to 0.82 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.79 to 0.95 | 0.003 |
| Fall more than 2 m | 409 (9) | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.07 | 0.435 | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.06 | 0.580 |
| Other | 382 (8) | 0.97 | 0.86 to 1.08 | 0.554 | 0.97 | 0.87 to 1.08 | 0.580 |
| Number of operations | |||||||
| 1 | 1,622 (36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 1,483 (33) | 1.03 | 0.95 to 1.12 | 0.460 | 1.06 | 0.98 to 1.15 | 0.172 |
| ≥ 3 | 1,399 (31) | 1.36 | 1.26 to 1.47 | < 0.001 | 1.34 | 1.23 to 1.45 | < 0.001 |
A blank cell indicates the variable was not included in the final regression model.
CI, confidence interval; ISS, Injury Severity Score; MTC, major trauma centre; RR, risk ratio.