Table III.
Risk ratios for patients with severe open tibial fracture who did or did not receive soft-tissue coverage within 72 hours of presentation at hospital during 2012 to 2019, as recorded in the Trauma Audit and Research Network.
| Univariate models | Multivariate model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N (%) | RR | 95% CI | p-value | RR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Total | 3,473 (100) | ||||||
| Type of hospital | |||||||
| MTC | 2,963 (85) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Other hospital | 510 (15) | 0.86 | 0.79 to 0.93 | < 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.70 to 0.82 | < 0.001 |
| Day of presentation | |||||||
| Monday | 481 (14) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Tuesday | 496 (14) | 0.96 | 0.87 to 1.05 | 0.359 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.06 | 0.535 |
| Wednesday | 462 (13) | 0.96 | 0.87 to 1.05 | 0.351 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.06 | 0.516 |
| Thursday | 488 (14) | 0.89 | 0.81 to 0.98 | 0.023 | 0.88 | 0.81 to 0.97 | 0.010 |
| Friday | 488 (14) | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.97 | 0.014 | 0.89 | 0.81 to 0.98 | 0.015 |
| Saturday | 535 (15) | 0.95 | 0.87 to 1.04 | 0.299 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.06 | 0.539 |
| Sunday | 523 (15) | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.11 | 0.642 | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.11 | 0.681 |
| Time of presentation | |||||||
| 00:00 to 07:59 | 549 (16) | 1.00 | |||||
| 08:00 to 15:59 | 1,320 (38) | 1.01 | 0.93 to 1.09 | 0.803 | |||
| 16:00 to 23:59 | 1,604 (46) | 1.02 | 0.95 to 1.10 | 0.574 | |||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2,374 (68) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 1,099 (32) | 1.06 | 1.01 to 1.12 | 0.021 | 1.01 | 0.95 to 1.07 | 0.842 |
| Age, yrs | |||||||
| 0 to 9 | 74 (2) | 1.36 | 1.22 to 1.52 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 1.08 to 1.34 | 0.001 |
| 10 to 19 | 296 (9) | 1.05 | 0.95 to 1.16 | 0.372 | 1.01 | 0.92 to 1.11 | 0.841 |
| 20 to 29 | 614 (18) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 30 to 39 | 522 (15) | 1.00 | 0.91 to 1.09 | 0.975 | 1.00 | 0.92 to 1.10 | 0.917 |
| 40 to 49 | 503 (14) | 0.98 | 0.89 to 1.07 | 0.655 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.06 | 0.543 |
| 50 to 59 | 467 (13) | 0.94 | 0.86 to 1.04 | 0.254 | 0.94 | 0.85 to 1.03 | 0.174 |
| 60 to 69 | 344 (10) | 0.89 | 0.79 to 0.99 | 0.038 | 0.87 | 0.78 to 0.98 | 0.017 |
| 70 to 79 | 289 (8) | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.20 | 0.206 | 1.01 | 0.90 to 1.12 | 0.897 |
| 80 to 89 | 255 (7) | 1.08 | 0.97 to 1.20 | 0.158 | 0.98 | 0.87 to 1.09 | 0.674 |
| 90 and over | 109 (3) | 1.17 | 1.03 to 1.33 | 0.015 | 0.98 | 0.85 to 1.12 | 0.726 |
| Year of presentation | |||||||
| 2012 | 261 (8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2013 | 435 (13) | 1.38 | 1.18 to 1.61 | < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.15 to 1.54 | < 0.001 |
| 2014 | 461 (13) | 1.46 | 1.25 to 1.70 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.21 to 1.61 | < 0.001 |
| 2015 | 461 (13) | 1.58 | 1.36 to 1.83 | < 0.001 | 1.54 | 1.34 to 1.77 | < 0.001 |
| 2016 | 414 (12) | 1.45 | 1.24 to 1.70 | < 0.001 | 1.36 | 1.18 to 1.57 | < 0.001 |
| 2017 | 485 (14) | 1.43 | 1.23 to 1.67 | < 0.001 | 1.34 | 1.16 to 1.54 | < 0.001 |
| 2018 | 501 (14) | 1.46 | 1.25 to 1.70 | < 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.17 to 1.56 | < 0.001 |
| 2019 | 455 (13) | 1.49 | 1.28 to 1.74 | < 0.001 | 1.39 | 1.20 to 1.60 | < 0.001 |
| ISS (continuous) | 3,473 (100) | 0.99 | 0.99 to 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.00 | 0.262 |
| Injury mechanism | |||||||
| Vehicle incident/collision | 1,933 (56) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fall less than 2 m | 909 (26) | 1.09 | 1.03 to 1.16 | 0.003 | 0.98 | 0.91 to 1.06 | 0.659 |
| Fall more than 2 m | 337 (10) | 0.99 | 0.90 to 1.09 | 0.866 | 1.00 | 0.92 to 1.10 | 0.965 |
| Other | 294 (8) | 0.99 | 0.90 to 1.09 | 0.812 | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.06 | 0.484 |
| Number of operations | |||||||
| 1 | 1,007 (29) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 2 | 1,215 (35) | 0.83 | 0.79 to 0.87 | < 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.76 to 0.84 | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 3 | 1,251 (36) | 0.58 | 0.54 to 0.62 | < 0.001 | 0.56 | 0.52 to 0.60 | < 0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; ISS, Injury Severity Score; MTC, major trauma centre; RR, risk ratio.