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. 2022 Dec 16;23(24):16033. doi: 10.3390/ijms232416033

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Aging heart and heart failure: from clinical to molecular viewpoint. Age-related myocardial hypertrophy due to multiple mechanisms (lower figure) results in fibrosis and subsequent cardiac dilation (upper figure).