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. 2022 Dec 7;14(12):860. doi: 10.3390/toxins14120860

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Survival plot of mice treated with VINS African Polyvalent Antivenom (VAPAV) in a challenge and rescue model of envenoming with N. nivea venom. Mice (n = 8 per group) were subcutaneously inoculated with 5 × LD₅₀ of the venom. The rescue group received 250 µL VAPAV upon the onset of neurotoxicity at approximately 30 min.