TABLE 1.

Demographic characteristics among the three groups

	Vocalists (N = 35)	Pianists (N = 27)	Nonmusicians (N = 33)
Age (years)	23.0 (2.3)*	21.7 (1.4) ##	23.0 (1.7)
Gender (F/M)	30/5	21/6	27/6
Education (years)	16.5 (1.6)	15.7 (1.0)	16.1 (1.1)
Vocal training duration (years)	7.68 (3.1)**	0.67 (1.4)	‐
Piano training duration (years)	15.0 (4.2)	16.22 (2.1)	‐
Right‐handness	74.3 (28.3)	83.3 (26.0)	80.1 (18.6)

Note: Values are presented as mean (SD). *p < .05, ** p < .01, vocalist vs. pianists; ^## p < .01, pianist vs. nonmusicians; two‐sample t‐test.

Abbreviations: F, females; M, males; SD, standard deviation.