Table 4.
Initial multivariable linear regression model showing the factors associated with acceptance for a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine in Indonesia (n = 2935).
| Item | Number | Percentage | Acceptance Yes |
Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR 95%CI | p Value | OR 95%CI | p Value | |||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 942 | 32.1 | 880 (93.4) | 1 | |||
| Female | 1993 | 67.9 | 1878 (94.2) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 0.389 | ||
| Age | |||||||
| ≤20 | 391 | 13.3 | 380 (97.2) | 3.30 (1.72–6.31) | <0.001 | 3.51 (1.30–9.46) | 0.013 |
| 21–30 | 1406 | 47.9 | 1327 (94.4) | 1.60 (1.14–2.25) | 0.007 | 1.96 (1.10–3.50) | 0.022 |
| 31–40 | 758 | 25.8 | 692 (91.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 41–50 | 226 | 7.7 | 211 (93.4) | 1.34 (0.75–2.40) | 0.322 | 1.76 (0.71–4.35) | 0.220 |
| 51–60 | 118 | 4.0 | 113 (95.8) | 2.16 (0.85–5.47) | 0.106 | 1.59 (0.40–6.31) | 0.508 |
| >60 | 36 | 1.2 | 35 (97.2) | 3.34 (0.45–24.76) | 0.238 | 1.79 (0.12–25.98) | 0.671 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 1556 | 53.0 | 1475 (94.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 1326 | 45.2 | 1232 (92.9) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 0.036 | 1.21 (0.69–2.13) | 0.514 |
| Widow | 53 | 1.8 | 51 (96.2) | 1.40 (0.34–5.85) | 0.645 | 1.55 (0.17–14.56) | 0.702 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||
| Elementary–Senior High School | 625 | 21.3 | 596 (95.4) | 1 | |||
| Diploma | 1973 | 67.2 | 1847 (93.6) | 0.71 (0.47–1.08) | 0.110 | ||
| Undergraduate/graduated | 337 | 11.5 | 315 (93.5) | 0.70 (0.39–1.23) | 0.215 | ||
| Religion | |||||||
| Islam | 2376 | 81.0 | 2208 (92.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Christian (Protestant) | 224 | 7.6 | 219 (97.8) | 3.33 (1.36–8.20) | 0.009 | 2.67 (0.86–8.31) | 0.091 |
| Catholic | 162 | 5.5 | 158 (97.5) | 3.01 (1.10–8.21) | 0.032 | 2.13 (0.57–7.99) | 0.262 |
| Other (Hindu/Buddha/Atheist or Agnostic/Confucian) | 173 | 5.9 | 173 (100.0) | 1 × 108 (0.00–NA) | 0.995 | 3 × 107 (0.00–NA) | 0.995 |
| Occupation | 2.51 (0.43–14.75) | 0.309 | |||||
| Self-employed | 36 | 1.2 | 33 (91.7) | 1.83 (0.50–6.74) | 0.362 | 2.57 (1.07–6.18) | 0.035 |
| Employed for wages | 1539 | 52.4 | 1450 (94.2) | 2.72 (1.51–4.88) | 0.001 | 1 | |
| Homemaker | 105 | 3.6 | 90 (85.7) | 1 | 1.89 (0.74–4.82) | 0.181 | |
| Student or retired/unable to work/others | 1255 | 42.8 | 1185 (94.4) | 12.82 (1.55–5.13) | 0.001 | ||
| Monthly household income (Indonesian Rupiah) | |||||||
| <3 million | 1638 | 55.8 | 1536 (93.8) | 1 | |||
| 3–5 million | 456 | 15.5 | 418 (91.7) | 0.73 (0.50–1.08) | 0.113 | ||
| 5–10 million | 530 | 18.1 | 507 (95.7) | 1.46 (0.92–2.33) | 0.107 | ||
| >10 million | 311 | 10.6 | 297 (95.5) | 1.41 (0.80–2.50) | 0.240 | ||
| Had a family member seriously ill or who died from COVID-19? | |||||||
| Yes | 740 | 25.2 | 706 (95.4) | 1.45 (0.99–2.12) | 0.059 | ||
| No (R) | 2195 | 74.8 | 2052 (93.5) | 1 | |||
| Had an influenza vaccine in the past 5 years? | |||||||
| Yes | 489 | 16.7 | 460 (94.1) | 1.02 (0.68–1.54) | 0.919 | ||
| No (R) | 2446 | 83.3 | 2298 (93.9) | 1 | |||
| Have ever been infected with COVID-19? | |||||||
| Yes | 1387 | 47.3 | 1322 (95.3) | 1.59 (1.16–2.17) | 0.004 | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) | 0.403 |
| No (R) | 1548 | 52.7 | 1436 (92.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Type of COVID-19 vaccine you received for the 1st dose | |||||||
| Sinovac (R) | 2498 | 85.1 | 2362 (94.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| AstraZeneca | 224 | 7.6 | 209 (93.3) | 0.81 (0.46–1.39) | 0.434 | 0.30 (0.08–1.05) | 0.059 |
| Moderna | 90 | 3.1 | 83 (92.2) | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 0.344 | 2.58 (0.64–10.40) | 0.183 |
| Pfizer | 77 | 2.6 | 62 (80.5) | 0.24 (0.13–0.43) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.09–2.10) | 0.296 |
| Sinopharm | 46 | 1.6 | 42 (91.3) | 0.61 (0.21–1.71) | 0.343 | 0.08 (0.01–0.68) | 0.020 |
| Type of COVID-19 vaccine you received for the 2nd dose | |||||||
| Sinovac (R) | 2368 | 80.7 | 2240 (94.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| AstraZeneca | 234 | 8.0 | 226 (96.6) | 1.61 (0.78–3.34) | 0.197 | 7.72 (1.84–32.42) | 0.005 |
| Moderna | 165 | 5.6 | 146 (88.5) | 0.44 (0.26–0.73) | 0.002 | 0.40 (0.15–1.06) | 0.067 |
| Pfizer | 113 | 3.9 | 95 (84.1) | 0.30 (0.18–0.52) | <0.001 | 1.44 (0.35–5.95) | 0.617 |
| Sinopharm | 55 | 1.9 | 51 (92.7) | 0.73 (0.26–2.05) | 0.548 | 7.38 (0.81–67.30) | 0.076 |
| Have you ever been infected with COVID-19 after getting vaccinated? | |||||||
| Yes (R) | 849 | 28.9 | 821 (96.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1634 | 55.7 | 1560 (95.5) | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) | 0.144 | 0.82 (0.41–1.63) | 0.563 |
| Do not know | 452 | 15.4 | 377 (83.4) | 0.17 (0.11–0.27) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.21–0.86) | 0.018 |
| A booster dose can provide better immune than a second dose | |||||||
| Yes (R) | 2389 | 81.4 | 2329 (97.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 57 | 1.9 | 37 (64.9) | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.28–2.97) | 0.877 |
| Not sure | 489 | 16.7 | 392 (80.2) | 0.10 (0.07–0.15) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.38–1.47) | 0.393 |
| A booster dose can stimulate antibody production to fight COVID-19 | |||||||
| Yes (R) | 2546 | 86.7 | 2476 (97.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 42 | 1.4 | 24 (57.1) | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.09–1.27) | 0.109 |
| Not sure | 347 | 11.8 | 258 (74.4) | 0.08 (0.06–0.12) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.37–1.58) | 0.469 |
| A booster dose can lower hospitalization rate if infected by COVID-19 | |||||||
| Yes (R) | 2481 | 84.5 | 2415 (97.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 80 | 2.7 | 64 (80.0) | 0.11 (0.06–0.20) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.29–2.62) | 0.816 |
| Not sure | 374 | 12.7 | 279 (74.6) | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.35–1.34) | 0.268 |
| A booster dose can protect the unvaccinated people | |||||||
| Yes (R) | 2053 | 69.9 | 1994 (97.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 295 | 10.1 | 267 (90.5) | 0.28 (0.18–0.45) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.39–1.69) | 0.579 |
| Not sure | 587 | 20.0 | 497 (84.7) | 0.16 (0.12–0.23) | <0.001 | 1.33 (0.72–2.46) | 0.371 |
| The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected my source of income | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2161 | 73.6 | 2042 (94.5) | 2.08 (1.11–3.89) | 0.022 | 1.21 (0.41–3.57) | 0.731 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 663 | 22.6 | 617 (93.1) | 1.63 (0.83–3.18) | 0.155 | 1.28 (0.42–3.92) | 0.665 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 111 | 3.8 | 99 (89.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected my social life | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2591 | 88.3 | 2454 (94.7) | 5.43 (2.62–11.24) | <0.001 | 2.04 (0.47–8.84) | 0.340 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 301 | 10.3 | 271 (90.0) | 2.74 (1.23–6.10) | 0.014 | 1.12 (0.24–5.16) | 0.889 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 43 | 1.5 | 33 (76.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| My decision to be vaccinated with a booster dose was greatly influenced by the workplace during the pandemic | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2032 | 69.2 | 1926 (94.8) | 1.53 (0.94–2.48) | 0.088 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 632 | 21.5 | 582 (92.1) | 0.98 (0.58–1.66) | 0.934 | ||
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 271 | 9.2 | 250 (92.3) | 1 | |||
| The booster dose is important to protect the public from COVID-19 | |||||||
| Yes | 2599 | 88.6 | 2531 (97.4) | 38.20 (23.00–63.46) | <0.001 | 3.17 (1.34–7.50) | 0.009 |
| No (R) | 77 | 2.6 | 38 (49.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Do not know | 259 | 8.8 | 189 (73.0) | 2.77 (1.64–4.68) | <0.001 | 3.02 (1.28–7.16) | 0.012 |
| Pharmaceutical companies have developed a safe and effective booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine | |||||||
| Yes | 2214 | 75.4 | 2166 (97.8) | 26.79 (14.19–50.59) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.25–2.54) | 0.691 |
| No (R) | 51 | 1.7 | 32 (62.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Do not know | 670 | 22.8 | 560 (83.6) | 3.02 (1.65–5.53) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.18–1.66) | 0.285 |
| I believe that natural immunity is sufficient and I do not need to be vaccinated | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 453 | 15.4 | 367 (81.0) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.23–0.83) | 0.011 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 558 | 19.0 | 502 (90.0) | 0.17 (0.11–0.26) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.51–1.77) | 0.872 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 1924 | 65.6 | 1889 (98.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| COVID-19 infection is harmless, so I do not have to be vaccinated | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 274 | 9.3 | 225 (82.1) | 0.13 (0.09–0.19) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.30–1.28) | 0.195 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 302 | 10.3 | 239 (79.1) | 0.11 (0.07–0.16) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.36–1.15) | 0.137 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 2359 | 80.4 | 2294 (97.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| My decision to be vaccinated with a booster dose was greatly influenced by the workplace during the pandemic | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1689 | 57.5 | 1586 (93.9) | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) | 0.342 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 761 | 25.9 | 711 (93.4) | 0.74 (0.45–1.22) | 0.239 | ||
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 485 | 16.5 | 461 (95.1) | 1 | |||
| My decision to be vaccinated with a booster dose is strongly influenced by someone or family who lives with me at home | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1699 | 57.9 | 1637 (96.4) | 2.39 (1.61–3.56) | <0.001 | 1.80 (0.99–3.28) | 0.055 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 694 | 23.6 | 624 (89.9) | 0.81 (0.54–1.20) | 0.285 | 1.51 (0.82–2.77) | 0.188 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 542 | 18.5 | 497 (91.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I’m not sure vaccination is effective against COVID-19 | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 482 | 16.4 | 400 (83.0) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.21–0.83) | 0.012 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 581 | 19.8 | 515 (88.6) | 0.12 (0.08–0.19) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.24–0.87) | 0.017 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 1872 | 63.8 | 1843 (98.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I am worried about any adverse side effects or allergic reactions when vaccinated with booster doses | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1675 | 57.1 | 1534 (91.6) | 0.30 (0.16–0.58) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.40–3.57) | 0.754 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 887 | 30.2 | 861 (97.1) | 0.91 (0.44–1.91) | 0.808 | 1.63 (0.52–5.09) | 0.401 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 373 | 12.7 | 363 (97.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine is very important | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2250 | 76.7 | 2215 (98.4) | 93.91 (53.39–165.18) | <0.001 | 5.54 (1.90–16.15) | 0.002 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 608 | 20.7 | 512 (84.2) | 7.91 (4.78–13.11) | <0.001 | 2.46 (0.97–6.20) | 0.057 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 77 | 2.6 | 31 (40.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe optional vaccines and boosters as a condition of travel, are necessary and useful | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2166 | 73.8 | 2102 (97.0) | 10.47 (7.13–15.38) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) | 0.413 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 525 | 17.9 | 471 (89.7) | 2.78 (1.85–4.18) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.61–2.15) | 0.680 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 244 | 8.3 | 185 (75.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| A booster vaccines are useful for protecting people from COVID-19 | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2390 | 81.4 | 2342 (98.0) | 55.97 (32.57–96.18) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.24–2.59) | 0.685 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 472 | 16.1 | 382 (80.9) | 4.87 (2.91–8.14) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.29–2.57) | 0.791 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 73 | 2.5 | 34 (46.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| A booster vaccine is safe | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2248 | 76.6 | 2207 (98.2) | 57.54 (31.80–104.13) | <0.001 | 2.74 (0.97–7.76) | 0.057 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 627 | 21.4 | 522 (83.3) | 5.31 (3.07–9.19) | <0.001 | 1.79 (0.69–4.61) | 0.231 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 60 | 2.0 | 29 (48.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Serious complications will arise after getting the COVID-19 booster vaccine | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 424 | 14.4 | 379 (89.4) | 0.19 (0.12–0.31) | <0.001 | 1.32 (0.61–2.84) | 0.479 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1170 | 39.9 | 1068 (91.3) | 0.24 (0.16–0.36) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.57–2.04) | 0.830 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 1341 | 45.7 | 1311 (97.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I am worried about the unexpected effect of the booster dose in the future | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1189 | 40.5 | 1071 (90.1) | 0.12 (0.06–0.24) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.23–1.93) | 0.456 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1057 | 36.0 | 1007 (95.3) | 0.27 (0.13–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.21–1.75) | 0.360 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 689 | 23.5 | 680 (98.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe the booster dose will have good effectiveness | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2242 | 76.4 | 2205 (98.3) | 69.53 (36.86–131.16) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.06–2.40) | 0.310 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 641 | 21.8 | 529 (82.5) | 5.51 (3.08–9.86) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.06–1.60) | 0.162 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 52 | 1.8 | 24 (46.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe the COVID-19 booster dose vaccine will be useful in protecting me from COVID-19 infection | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2318 | 79.0 | 2272 (98.0) | 98.78 (52.26–186.71) | <0.001 | 3.29 (0.53–20.45) | 0.201 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 563 | 19.2 | 468 (83.1) | 9.85 (5.37–18.08) | <0.001 | 4.52 (0.83–24.66) | 0.081 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 54 | 1.8 | 18 (33.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe the benefits of COVID-19 vaccine outweigh the risks | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2279 | 77.6 | 2239 (98.2) | 90.63 (48.39–169.72) | <0.001 | 2.45 (0.67–8.89) | 0.173 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 601 | 20.5 | 498 (82.9) | 7.83 (4.37–14.04) | <0.001 | 1.20 (0.36–4.00) | 0.766 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 55 | 1.9 | 21 (38.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I believe that if I get vaccinated, the risk of contracting COVID-19 or infecting others will be reduced | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 2401 | 81.8 | 2348 (97.8) | 34.33 (19.96–59.05) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.26–2.94) | 0.820 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 463 | 15.8 | 370 (79.9) | 3.08 (1.83–5.19) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.27–2.75) | 0.809 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 71 | 2.4 | 40 (56.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| I am worried about the halal status of the new booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 1010 | 34.4 | 910 (90.1) | 0.20 (0.12–0.34) | <0.001 | 1.56 (0.71–3.45) | 0.270 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1102 | 37.5 | 1043 (94.6) | 0.40 (0.23–0.68) | 0.001 | 1.75 (0.79–3.88) | 0.171 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 823 | 28.0 | 805 (97.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Having a booster dose takes a lot of time and effort | |||||||
| Agree or strongly agree | 983 | 33.5 | 922 (93.8) | 0.57 (0.37–0.89) | 0.014 | 0.98 (0.50–1.93) | 0.958 |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1128 | 38.4 | 1042 (92.4) | 0.46 (0.30–0.70) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.57–2.19) | 0.739 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree (R) | 824 | 28.1 | 794 (96.4) | 1 | 1 | ||