Table 1.

Candidate genetic variants associated with COVID-19 related quantitative traits in a cohort of Russian patients.

Biobank	Location	Number of Participants a	Cohort	Biosamples	Sample Availability	Omics Data	Example Studies
UK Biobank	UK	500,000	closed, population aged 40–69	blood, urine, saliva	yes	genotyping array, WGS, WES, metabolomics, telomere length	Bycroft et al., 2018 [37]; Wells et al., 2019 [38]; Watanabe et al., 2019 [26]; van Hout et al., 2020 [39]; Shikov et al., 2020 [27]; de Vincentis et al., 2022 [40]; Halldorsson et al., 2022 [15]
BioBank Japan	Japan	267,307	closed, patient-based	serum, DNA, tumor tissues	yes	genotyping array, WGS, metabolome	Ishigaki et al., 2020 [41]; Matoba et al., 2020 [42]
FinnGen	Finland	538,600	open, general population, 15 disease-specific cohorts	depends on sample collector b	depends on sample collector b	genotyping array	Desch et al., 2020 [43]; Kurki et al., 2022 [44]; Sun et al., 2022 [45]
Estonian biobank	Estonia	200,000	open, adult population	whole blood and fractions, DNA, RNA	yes	WGS, WES, genotyping array, metabolomics (NMR), RNA seq., genome-wide methylation arrays, genome-wide gene expression array	Alver et al., 2019 [29]; Reisberg et al., 2019 [46]
China Kadoorie Biobank	China	512,891	closed, residents of 5 urban and 5 rural provinces aged 30–79	blood	no	genotyping array, WGS	Spracklen et al., 2020 [47]; Giannakopoulou et al., 2020 [48]; Zhu et al., 2021 [49]; Li et al., 2022 [50]
Tohoku Medical Megabank Project	Japan	157,000	closed, adult residents of Miyagi and Iwate Prefecture, three-generation cohort	blood fractions, urine, saliva, breast milk, dental plaque, stimulated T-cells, and EBV-transformed B-cells	yes	WGS, genotyping array, metabolomics (NMR, LC-MS), genome-wide methylation arrays	Watanabe et al., 2018 [51]; Tadaka et al., 2019 [52]; Tadaka et al., 2021 [53]; Kawame et al., 2022 [28]; Ohneda et al., 2022 [54]; Park, 2022 [55]
Taiwan Biobank	Taiwan	181,635	open, population aged 20–70, patient-based	blood, urine, saliva	yes	genotyping array, WGS, DNA methylation, HLA typing, metabolomics	Weiet al., 2021 [56]; Lee at al., 2022 [57]; Juang et al., 2021 [58]
LifeLines Cohort Study	Netherlands	167,000	closed, residents of the northern part of country	blood, urine, saliva, scalp hair	yes	genotyping array, WGS, microbiome data	Bonder et al., 2016 [59]; Imhann et al., 2016 [60]; Zhernakova et al., 2018 [61]
National Biobank of Korea	South Korea	1,051,787	population-based, patient-based	blood fractions, urine, saliva, DNA, tissue	yes	genotyping array	Namet al., 2022 [62]; Moon et al., 2019 [63]
Karolinska Biobank	Sweden	700,000	collection-specific	whole blood and fractions, urine, saliva, DNA	depends on collection	genotyping array	Bonfiglio et al., 2018 [64]
HUNT Biobank	Norway	120,000	open, adolescent and adult residents of Trøndelag	whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, feces, DNA	yes	genotyping array	Nielsen et al., 2018 [65]; Nielsen et al., 2020 [66]; Surakka et al., 2020 [67]
Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health	Canada	331,359	open, residents of 9 provinces aged 30–74	whole blood and fractions, urine, saliva, dry blood spots, nail fragments	yes	genotyping array	Lona-Durazo et al., 2021 [68]; Joseph et al., 2022 [69]
All of Us Research Program	USA	348,000	open, adult minority population	whole blood, urine, saliva	no	WGS, genotyping array	n.a.
BioVU	USA	275,000	open, pediatric and adult patient-based	DNA	yes	genotyping array	Zhenget al., 2021 [70]; Goldstein et al., 2020 [71]; Krebs et al., 2020 [72]
Penn Medicine BioBank	USA	52,853	open, adult patient-based	blood, tissue	yes	genotyping array, WES	Parket al., 2021 [73]; Akbari et al., 2022 [74]