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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Forecast. 2021 Oct 7;39(1):73–97. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2021.09.001

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

The three phases of the fertility transition, illustrated by historical data on TFR for the Netherlands from 1850 to 2020. Phase I, in grey, is the pre-transition phase, Phase II, in red, is the fertility transition from high to low fertility, which took about 100 years, and Phase III, in green, is the post-transition phase of leveling off and fluctuations.