Table 1.
L. monocytogenes main virulence traits involved in pathogenesis of listeriosis.
| Virulence Gene | Gene Product/Function | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Survival in the intestine | |||
| gadD1-gadD3 | Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system | Acid tolerance | [51,52] |
| arcABC | Arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway | [53,54] | |
| bsh | Bile salt hydrolase | Bile tolerance | [55] |
| bilE | Bile exclusion system | [56] | |
| sigB | General stress sigma factor | [57] | |
| Epithelial cell adhesion | |||
| lmo1413 | Listeria-mucin-binding invasin A | Intestinal mucus penetration | [58] |
| inlA | Internalin A (InlA) | Adhesion and entry to enterocytes | [59] |
| inlB | Internalin B (InlB) | [60,61] | |
| lap | Listeria Adhesion Protein (LAP) | [62,63] | |
| inlP1; inlP4 | Internalin P1 (InlP1); internalin P4 (InlP4) | Invasion and intracellular proliferation | [64] |
| Dissemination in the host | |||
| inlF | Internalin F (InlF) | Adhesion and invasion of macrophages | [65] |
| hly | Listeriolysin O (LLO) | Escape from L. monocytogenes-containing vacuoles | [66] |
| ifi30 | Gamma-interferon Inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) | [67] | |
| pplA | Peptide pheromone-encoding lipoprotein A (PplA) | [68] | |
| actA | Actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) | Cell-to-cell spread | [69,70] |
| inlC | Internalin C (InlC) | [71] | |
| vip | Cell invasion LPXTG protein (Vip) | Brain colonization | [72] |
| inlF | Internalin F (InlF) | [73] | |
| inlB | Internalin B (InlB) | [74] | |
| inlP | Internalin P (InlP) | Placenta colonization | [75] |