Table 2.

Summary of recent studies regarding tissue microRNAs in adult myocarditis patients.

Ref.	Year	Population	Comparison	miRNA	Outcome	Methodology
Besler et al. [44]	2016	76 VMC pts	22 DCM pts	miR-133a miR-155	↑ miR-133a, miR-155 in MC pts ↑ miR-133a associated with ↓ fibrosis and ↑ LV function miR-133a and miR-155 levels correlated with inflammatory cells count in MC pts	miRs in heart tissue by qPCR fibrosis, inflammatory cells by HP LV function in ECHO
Ferreira et al. [45]	2014	10 CCC pts	6 DCM pts 4 HCs	miR-1 miR-133a miR-133b miR-208a miR-208b	↓ miR-1, miR-133a and miR-208b in CCC pts compared to others ↓ miR-133b and miR-208a in CCC pts compared to HCs	miRs in heart tissue by qPCR
Bao et al. [46]	2014	6 acute MC pts	6 HCs	miR-155 miR-148a	↑ miR-155 and miR-148a in MC pts	miRs in heart biopsy by qPCR
Chen et al. [47]	2015	8 acute VMC pts	8 HCs	miR-214 miR-146b	↓ miR-214 and miR-146b in VMC pts	miRs in heart tissue by qPCR
Kühl et al. [48]	2012	15 active B19V infection pts	45 inactive B19V infection pts	miRNAome	29 differently-expressed miRs predicted miR-Ts involved in immune response and energy metabolism	miRs in heart tissue by qPCR
Corsten et al. [37]	2012	4 acute MC pts	6 HCs	miRNAome	107 deregulated miRs in MC pts compared to HCs	miRs in heart biopsy by microarray analysis

↑—increased, ↓—decreased, B19V—Parvovirus B19, CCC—chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy, DCM—dilated cardiomyopathy, ECHO—echocardiography, HCs—healthy controls, HP—histopathology, LV—left ventricle, MC—myocarditis, miR/miRNA—microRNA, miR-Ts—miRNA target sequences, pts—patients, qPCR—quantitative polymerase chain reaction, ref.—reference, RNA—ribonucleic acid, VMC—viral myocarditis.