Table 7.
Factors associated with underweight among children aged 0–23 months in DRC, ASSP 2014
| Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR | 95% CI | P value | aOR | 95% CI | P value | aOR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Child’s age in months | |||||||||
| 0–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 6–11 | 2.38 | [1.00; 5.66] | 0.050 | 2.59 | [1.07; 6.28] | 0.035 | 2.05 | [0.81; 5.18] | 0.130 |
| 12–23 | 2.86 | [1.24; 6.56] | 0.013 | 3.17 | [1.38; 7.31] | 0.007 | 2.75 | [1.16; 6.52] | 0.022 |
| Child sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Female | 0.86 | [0.44; 2.23] | 0.516 | 0.88 | [0.56; 1.39] | 0.591 | 0.86 | [0.55; 1.35] | 0.499 |
| Distal factors | |||||||||
| Province | |||||||||
| Equateur | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Kasai occidental | 1.68 | [1.02; 2.77] | 0.042 | 2.08 | [1.14; 3.81] | 0.018 | 1.81 | [0.91; 3.60] | 0.092 |
| Maniema/Oriental | 1.08 | [0.59; 1.99] | 0.804 | 1.23 | [0.61; 2.48] | 0.563 | 1.35 | [0.63; 2.90] | 0.440 |
| Residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Rural | 0.99 | [0.44; 2.23] | 0.982 | 1.72 | [0.67; 4.47] | 0.261 | 2.27 | [0.92; 5.62] | 0.077 |
| Highest level educ | |||||||||
| Secondary and higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| None | 0.58 | [0.18; 1.84] | 0.353 | 0.65 | [0.19; 2.26] | 0.497 | 0.78 | [0.20; 3.06] | 0.725 |
| Some primary | 0.56 | [0.16; 1.95] | 0.363 | 0.57 | [0.15; 2.10] | 0.396 | 0.66 | [0.15; 2.85] | 0.579 |
| Completed primary | 0.57 | [0.19; 1.73] | 0.322 | 0.55 | [0.17; 1.71] | 0.298 | 0.56 | [0.16; 1.95] | 0.364 |
| Working status | |||||||||
| Not worked in last 12 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Not currently working but worked in last 12 months | 1.85 | [0.44; 7.71] | 0.397 | 1.36 | [0.26; 7.20] | 0.717 | 1.05 | [0.21; 5.23] | 0.953 |
| Currently working | 0.85 | [0.35; 2.10] | 0.727 | 0.80 | [0.28; 2.25] | 0.669 | 0.68 | [0.23; 2.04] | 0.495 |
| Wealth quintile | |||||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| High middle | 0.92 | [0.32; 2.70] | 0.885 | 0.83 | [0.36; 1.91] | 0.656 | 0.55 | [0.23; 1.32] | 0.177 |
| Middle | 1.39 | [0.63; 3.05] | 0.412 | 1.67 | [0.83; 3.34] | 0.149 | 1.56 | [0.74; 3.27] | 0.242 |
| Low middle | 1.72 | [0.70; 4.23] | 0.238 | 1.64 | [0.74; 3.64] | 0.219 | 1.41 | [0.63; 3.16] | 0.398 |
| Low | 1.49 | [0.59; 3.81] | 0.399 | 1.42 | [0.56; 3.64] | 0.459 | 1.32 | [0.52; 3.35] | 0.559 |
| Intermediate factors | |||||||||
| Mother’s age | |||||||||
| 15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 25–34 years | 0.47 | [0.15; 1.46] | 0.191 | 0.49 | [0.14; 1.72] | 0.261 | |||
| 35–44 years | 0.78 | [0.10; 6.00] | 0.811 | 0.77 | [0.08; 6.99] | 0.813 | |||
| 45–49 years | 0.04 | [0.002; 0.84] | 0.038 | 0.04 | [0.002; 1.09] | 0.056 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/in a union | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Never married | 2.60 | [0.57; 11.93] | 0.217 | 2.38 | [0.44; 12.94] | 0.313 | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.85 | [0.64; 5.36] | 0.255 | 1.81 | [0.64; 5.11] | 0.260 | |||
| Number of antenatal visits during most recent pregnancy | |||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 1–3 | 1.71 | [0.85; 3.44] | 0.135 | 1.61 | [0.79; 3.28] | 0.192 | |||
| 4 + | 0.99 | [0.45; 2.20] | 0.989 | 0.99 | [0.43; 2.27] | 0.982 | |||
| Don’t know | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Mother’s age at child’s birth | |||||||||
| 20–34 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Less than 20 years | 0.86 | [0.38; 1.95] | 0.716 | 0.87 | [0.38; 1.99] | 0.743 | |||
| 35–49 years | 0.76 | [0.14; 4.26] | 0.758 | 0.72 | [0.13; 4.15] | 0.717 | |||
| Birth interval | |||||||||
| First birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 0–23 months | 1.83 | [0.79; 4.21] | 0.155 | 0.76 | [0.12; 4.94] | 0.772 | |||
| 24–47 months | 1.66 | [0.75; 3.67] | 0.214 | 0.82 | [0.11; 6.01] | 0.848 | |||
| 48 + months | 0.71 | [0.21; 2.42] | 0.587 | 0.33 | [0.03; 3.25] | 0.339 | |||
| Number of living children in the household | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 3–4 | 1.19 | [0.47; 3.03] | 0.712 | 1.57 | [0.59; 4.17] | 0.366 | |||
| 5 + | 2.44 | [0.85; 6.99] | 0.096 | 3.70 | [0.90; 15.15] | 0.069 | |||
| Place of delivery | |||||||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Health facility | 0.71 | [0.37; 1.35] | 0.289 | 0.74 | [0.39; 1.41] | 0.356 | |||
| Had postnatal care within 42 days of delivery | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 0.91 | [0.47; 1.79] | 0.792 | 0.85 | [0.46; 1.59] | 0.610 | |||
| Mother with no media exposure | |||||||||
| No media exposure | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Some media exposure | 0.91 | [0.37; 1.79] | 0.839 | 0.96 | [0.38; 2.44] | 0.934 | |||
| Mother listens to radio at least once a week | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.24 | [0.32; 4.78] | 0.753 | 1.22 | [0.30; 4.95] | 0.783 | |||
| Mother watches TV at least once a week | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 0.36 | [0.07; 2.03] | 0.248 | 0.28 | [0.06; 1.31] | 0.105 | |||
| Mother reads a journal at least once a week | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Yes | 0.95 | [0.36; 2.47] | 0.911 | 1.11 | [0.38; 3.25] | 0.855 | |||
| Water source | |||||||||
| Improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Not improved | 0.64 | [0.32; 1.27] | 0.202 | 0.56 | [0.28; 1.12] | 0.100 | |||
| Toilet | |||||||||
| Improved/not shared | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Not improved/shared | 1.17 | [0.27; 5.14] | 0.833 | 1.13 | [0.23; 5.47] | 0.882 | |||
| Immediate factors | |||||||||
| Birth order | |||||||||
| 1 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 2–3 | 2.16 | [0.32; 14.63] | 0.429 | ||||||
| 4–5 | 1.05 | [0.15; 7.54] | 0.958 | ||||||
| 6 + | 1.45 | [0.17; 12.11] | 0.730 | ||||||
| Birth size | |||||||||
| Average | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Very small | 18.36 | [2.54; 132. 58] | 0.004 | ||||||
| Small | 3.06 | [0.99; 9.46] | 0.053 | ||||||
| Don’t know | 1.22 | [0.30; 5.05] | 0.780 | ||||||
| Diarrhea in last 2 weeks | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.66 | [0.96; 2.86] | 0.067 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding youngest under 2 years | |||||||||
| Exclusively breastfeeding | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Not breastfeeding | 1.89 | [0.45; 7.93] | 0.383 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding + water | 2.92 | [0.63; 13.52] | 0.169 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding + supplement | 2.23 | [0.51; 9.75] | 0.286 | ||||||
| Results of the Goodness of fit test | F = 6.769 | < 0.001 | F = 3.483 | < 0.001 | F = 1.558 | 0.128 | |||
Model 1: Adjusted for child’s age, sex, and distal factors (province, residence, mother’s education, mother’s working status and wealth quintile)
Model 2: In addition to model 1, adjusted intermediate factors (mother’s age, marital status, number of antenatal visits, mother’s age at birth, birth interval, number of living children, place of delivery, postnatal care, mother’s media exposure, mother listens to radio, mother watches TV, mother reads journal, water source, toilet)
Model 3: In addition to model 2, adjusted for immediate factors (birth order, perceived birth size, diarrhea within 2 past weeks, Breastfeeding status of youngest under 2 years). OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval