Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Study Design |
Population | Number of Subjects | Age (Means ± SD) |
Male n (%) |
Concomitant Diseases (%) |
Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Binici 2010 [12] |
Denmark | Prospective cohort | Without CVD, stroke, or AF | 678 | 64.5 ± 6.8 | 397 (58.6) | Diabetes (11.1) | 6.3 years |
| Chong 2012 [13] |
China | Prospective cohort | Without AF or structural heart disease | 428 | 66.7 ± 10.2 | 187 (43.7) | Hypertension (45.3) Diabetes (17.1) CVD (17.5) |
6.1 years |
| Dewland 2013 [14] | United States | Prospective cohort | Without prevalent AF | 1260 | 71 | 569 (45) | Hypertension (55) Diabetes (15) CVD (20) |
13.0 years |
| Yodogawa 2013 [33] | Japan | Prospective cohort | With AIS, without a history of AF | 68 | 69.9 ± 9.6 | 37 (54.4) | Hypertension (66.2) Diabetes (14.7) |
11 ± 4 months |
| Pinho 2015 [42] |
Portugal | Retrospective cohort | With CIS or TIA | 184 | 55.2 ± 15.1 | 96 (52.2) | Hypertension (56.5) Diabetes (14.7) Dyslipidemia (72.8) CVD (3.3) |
27.5 months |
| Acharya 2015 [15] |
United States | Retrospective cohort | Free of AF | 1357 | 64 | 1262 (93) | Hypertension (66) Diabetes (22.6) CVD (19.7) |
7.5 years |
| Johnson 2015 [34] |
Sweden | Prospective cohort | Free of AF | 383 | 64.6 ± 5.9 | 172 (45) | - | 10.3 years |
| Lin 2015 [43] |
China | Retrospective cohort | Without AF and a PPM | 5371 | 61.8 ± 18.6 | 3222 (60) | Hypertension (35.6) Diabetes (20.2) Dyslipidemia (12.8) CVD (29.4) |
10 ± 1 years |
| Larsen 2015 [23] |
Denmark | Prospective cohort | Without CVD, stroke, or AF | 678 | 64.5 ± 6.8 | 397 (58.6) | Diabetes (11.1) | 14.4 years |
| Vinther 2016 [22] |
Denmark | Retrospective cohort | With IS and without known AF | 565 | - | 313 (55.4) | Hypertension (41.9) Diabetes (10.8) |
4 years |
| Cabrera 2016 [44] |
Spain | Retrospective cohort | Free of AF | 299 | 62.5 ± 17.9 | 160 (53.5) | Hypertension (52.3) Diabetes (17.4) |
39.1 months |
| Marinheiro 2017 [35] | Portugal | Prospective cohort | Without stroke or AF | 362 | - | 204 (56.4) | Hypertension (77.6) Diabetes (25.1) |
7.1 years |
| Vinther 2017 [36] |
Denmark | Prospective cohort | With AIS and without AF | 256 | 73 ± 12.6 | 141 (55) | Hypertension (57) Diabetes (13) Dyslipidemia (28) CVD (13) |
32 months |
| Raman 2017 [37] |
United States | Prospective cohort | Without baseline AF | 2350 | 75.8 ± 5.3 | 2350 (100) | Hypertension (49) Diabetes (13.1) |
8.0 ± 2.6 years |
| Persson 2019 [38] |
Sweden | Prospective cohort | Free of AF | 377 | 65 ± 6 | 170 (45) | - | 17 years |
| Ntaios 2020 [39] |
United Kingdom | Prospective cohort | Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source | 853 | 67 | 486 (57) | Hypertension (61.9) Diabetes (18.5) CVD (15) |
3.4 years |
| Sejr 2020 [40] |
Denmark | Prospective cohort | with AIS or TIA and without AF | 1453 | 72.8 ± 7.7 | 822 (56.6) | Hypertension (58.6) Diabetes (14.3) |
2.3 ± 1.3 years |
| Hygrell 2021 [45] |
Sweden | Retrospective cohort | Free of AF | 6100 | 76 | 2755 (45) | Hypertension (28) Diabetes (10) |
4.2 years |
| Sasaki 2021 [46] |
Japan | Retrospective cohort | Free of AF | 138 | 72 ± 10 | 108 (52) | Hypertension (62.3) Diabetes (23.9) Dyslipidemia (39.1) |
5 years |
| Vetta 2022 [41] |
Italy | Prospective cohort | With cryptogenic stroke | 112 | 72.2 ± 12.2 | 65 (58) | Hypertension (81) Diabetes (21) CVD (9) |
6 months |
CVD—cardiovascular disease; AF—atrial fibrillation; IS—ischemic stroke; AIS—acute ischemic stroke; CIS—cryptogenic ischemic stroke; TIA—transient ischemic attack; PPM—permanent pacemaker.