Table 1.

Comparison of influenza A antibodies and baseline characteristics of camels.

	n (%)	Positive, n (%, 95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	aOR (95% CI)	p-Value
Overall seropositive		19 (10.33, 6.33–15.66)
Age, median (IQR)	9 (5–12) †
Age Category
0–4 years	47 (25.5)	4 (8.51, 2.37–20.38)	Ref		Ref
≥ 5 years	137 (74.5)	15 (10.95, 6.26 17.42)	0.74 (0.26–2.56)	0.636	0.35 (0.09–1.43)	0.14
Sex
Male (Bulls)	101 (54.9)	14 (13.86, 7.79–22.16)	2.37 (0.89–7.21)	0.086	0.96 (0.15–13.1)	0.97
Female (Cows)	83 (45.1)	5 (6.02, 1.98–13.5)	Ref		Ref
Location
Babura	22 (12.0)	1 (4.55, 0.12–22.84)	Ref		Ref
Maiadua	34 (18.5)	2 (5.88, 0.72–19.68)	1.31 (0.11–15.4)	0.829	0.58 (0.04–8.76)	0.67
Maigatari	50 (27.2)	3 (6.00, 1.25–16.55)	1.34 (0.13–13.65)	0.805	0.68 (0.08–8.25)	0.74
Sule Tankarkar	78 (42.4)	13 (16.67, 9.18–26.81)	4.2 (0.52–34.04)	0.179	3.77 (0.80–37.0)	0.1
Production system
Extensive	158 (85.9)	17 (10.76, 6.39–16.67)	Ref		Ref
Semi-intensive	26 (14.1)	2 (7.69, 0.95–25.13)	0.69 (0.15–3.18)	0.636	5.51 (0.65–36.2)	0.11
Usage
Meat	23 (12.5)	2 (8.33, 1.07–28.04)	Ref		Ref
Milk	78 (42.4)	4 (5.13, 1.41–12.61)	0.52 (0.11–2.48)	0.408	1.18 (0.18–6.15)	0.85
Labour	83 (45.1)	13 (15.66, 8.61–25.29)	0.34 (0.10–0.97)	0.031	0.21 (0.02–3.50)	0.23
Living area
Fenced	7 (3.8)	0 (0.00, 0– 40.96)	0.612 (−1.56–5.49)	0.652	1.92 (0.07–404)	0.71
Not- fenced	177 (96.2)	19 (10.73, 6.59–16.25)	Ref		Ref
Veterinary access
Yes	12 (6.5)	0 (0.00, 0–40.96)	−1.156 (−6.02–0.94)	0.347	0.14 (0.00–2.91)	0.21
No	172 (93.5)	19 (11.05, 6.78–16.71)	Ref		Ref
Water source
Stream	163 (88.6)	18 (11.04, 6.68–16.89)	−0.116 (−2.51–4.29)	0.940	0.61 (0.02–162)	0.82
Well	18 (9.8)	1 (5.56, 0.14–27.29)	−4.510 (−3.67–4.55)	0.776	0.61 (0.01–137)	0.81
Borehole	3 (1.6)	0 (0.00, 0–70.76)	Ref		Ref

Note: odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR).