Table 1.
MDR bacteria reported in food and food processing plants.
| Microorganism | Source | AMR Profile | Biofilm Formation | Biofilm Genes | Biocide Resistance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella sp. | Chicken slaughter plant |
AMP; STX; CN; C; TET | Strong biofilm | - | - | [137] |
| Salmonella sp. | Beef slaughterhouse | TET; SFX; STR; CHL; AMP | Strong biofilms |
- | Quaternary ammonium chloride; Chlorine and Chlorine dioxide | [138] |
| Salmonella sp. | Chicken slaughterhouse | AMC; AMP; FOX; XNL; CEF; CHL; CIP; FFN; GEN; NAL; NEO; STR; TET; SXT | Modest biofilm | - | Lactic acid and Cetylpyridinium chloride | [139] |
| Salmonella | Poultry processing equipment | STR; GM; TET; SF; CHL; GM | Modest biofilm and strong biofilm | adrA, bapA, csgB, csgD, fimA, fimH | Chlorine and quaternary ammonium compounds | [13] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | Chicken slaughterhouse | AMX; AMP; OX; CRO; VAN | Strong biofilms | - | - | [119] |
| Listeria sp. | Meat, milk, vegetables, and water | ERY; CM; CN; TET; NOV; OX; NA; K | Strong biofilm | flaA and luxS | - | [15] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Milk | CRO; VAN; P | Strong biofilms | icaA icaB icaD and icaC | - | [72] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Raw meat and meat products | P; AMP; TET; CN | Modest biofilm | icaABCD | - | [140] |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Chicken carcass | CEP; CEF; AMX; AGO; AZT; FLQ; NA; OXA; E; TET; STX. | Strong biofilm | flaA, flaB, flaC, flaG, fliA, fliS, flgA, and flhA | - | [71] |
| Raw milk | CEP; CEF; AMC; AZT; FLQ; NAL; OXA; E; TET; STX. | Modest biofilm | - | |||
| Campylobacter coli | Ground meat | K; STREP; TOB; CEP; CEF; AMX; AMC; AZT; STX. | Modest biofilm | - | ||
| Chicken meat | TOB; CEP; CEF; AMX; AMC; AZT; FLQ; NAL; OXA; E; STX. | Modest biofilm | - | |||
| Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Enterococcus sp. |
Poultry, pork, and meat products | TEC; C; ERY; Q/D; CP; AMP; TET | Weak biofilm or not biofilm formation | - | - | [17] |
| Escherichia. coli | Farm animals (goats, pigs, poultry, cattle, sheep) and animal products (milk, cheese, beef, chicken, yogurt). | TIC; TET; AMP; D; STX; LVX; ENR; CP; AMP; CXM; CEF; CZ; LEX; CAZ; TOB; CN; AMX; K | Modest biofilm | agn43, bcsA, papC, csgA, fimH, fliC | - | [141] |
|
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium |
Chicken and turkey processing plants | CHL; CP; ERY; FLA; GEN; K; L; NIT; P; Q/D; SM; STR; TET; TYL; VAN | Modest biofilm | - | [142] |
AK: Amikacin; AMC: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; AMP: Ampicillin (ampicilina); AMX: Amoxicillin; AZT: Aztreonam; C: Chloramphenicol; CAZ: Ceftazidime; CB: Carbenicillin; CEF: Cefotaxime; CEP: Cephalothin; CFC: Cefaclor; CFM: Cefixime; CHL: Chloramphenicol; CM: Clindamycin; CN: Cefalosporins; CP: Ciprofloxacin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; CST: Colistin; CXM: Cefuroxime; CZ: Cefazolin; D: Doxycycline; ENR: Enrofloxacin; ERY: Erythromycin; F: Florphenicol; FFN: Florfenicol; FLA: Flavomycin; FLQ: Flumequine; FOS: Phosphomycin; FOX: Cefoxitin; FUR: Furazolidone; GEN: Gentamicin; GM: Aminoglycosides; K: Kanamycin; L: Lincomycin; LEX: Cefalexin; LVX: Levofloxacin; LZD: Linezolida; NA: Nalidixic acid; NEO: Neomycin; NIT: Nitrofurantoin; NOR: Norfloxacin; NOV: Novobiocin; OX: Oxacillin; OXA: Oxalinic acid; P: Penicillin G; Q/D: Quinupristin-dalfopristin; S: Streptomycin; SAM: Ampicillin-sulbactam; SF: Sulfonamide; SFX: Sulfisoxazole; SM: Salinomycin; STR: Streptomycin; STX: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole; TEC: Teicoplanin; TET: Tetracycline; TIC: Ticarcillin; TOB: Tobramycin; TS: Trimetroprim+Sulfamethox; TYL: Tylosin; VAN: Vancomycin; XNL: Ceftiofur.